Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance

The partners of an association incorporate different gatherings of either individuals who influence the business legitimately or in a roundabout way. They are arranged into four significant gatherings as clients, givers, administration, and influencers. Clients are those individuals who will be last buyers of the business products or administrations; they are a piece of the business recipients for example clients (Cameron, Price, 2009:P.43).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Governance are the individuals who are intrigued on how the business is running for example the supervisory group, reviewers and so forth influencers are the individuals are the individuals who are fit for altering the business perspectives and course for example, worker's guilds. At long last, givers are those individuals who are the business providers. Colleagues too fall under this clas s of supporters, and any other individual giving assets to the business. The most fitting method of meeting the stakeholders’ needs is first recognizing them through the assistance of the different business group of staffs (Anderson, 2009:P.213). After distinguishing proof, each gathering ought to have a key individual to speak to the entire gathering. These key individuals ought to be individuals who have the position to decide, and who can go about as channel of correspondence to their gathering. Through these key individuals, one would have the option to gain proficiency with the disposition and the particular interests of each gathering. As one interfaces with these agents, the person would effortlessly recognize their requirements. When you find their desires from the business, it is anything but difficult to talk about with the agents on the best way to meet those desires (Silverman, 2007:P.113). Correspondence between the business and the partners ought to be a constan t exchange. Ceaseless correspondence would prompt a powerful dynamic procedure. Both inner and outside correspondence conventions can be utilized relying upon the sort of the partners. The business may utilize interior methods for correspondence, for example, leaflets, and pamphlets. At present, organizations like to utilize the intuitive internet based life strategies like the online journals and the informal communities like LinkedIn, as they are quick and successful. For the business and its key partners to settle on choices rapidly, quick methods for correspondence ought to be embraced to guarantee messages are gotten by the important gatherings and at the perfect time (Horn, 2009:P.56).Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Traditional devices of correspondence that took into account only single direction correspondence is not, at this point being used. The present online networking outlets are giving a two-way correspondence, prompt criticisms, and the business also can have a conversation with more than one client personalities. Any business that considers its partners advantages is consistently at an increasingly serious edge. Every partner in a business has an alternate intrigue and desires that may help the business in strategy and venture definition. At the point when the business is actualizing its arrangements and doing assessment, it is prudent to fuse the thoughts and the interests of the partners to maintain a strategic distance from some serious issues that may emerge in future. The principle objectives, authority, and connections among different partners would assist the business with facilitating change inside the most brief time conceivable (Horn, 2009:P.82). The stakeholders’ investigation can significantly improve the exhibition of the business through distinguishing the necessities and the premiums of the feeble indivi duals in the general public. For example, through the providers the business would be in a situation to get assets at moderate costs, consequently decreasing the working costs and expanding the all out income. A sound relationship of the business with he partners would result to a well performing business with wide scope of associations (Marchington, Wilkinson, 2008:P.102). References Anderson. V. (2009). Examination strategies in human asset the board. second ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Cameron, S. Value, D. (2009). Business research strategies: a down to earth approach. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Horn, R. (2009). Investigating and composing expositions: a total guide for businessâ and the board understudies. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Developm ent. Horn, R. (2009). The business abilities handbook. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (2008). Human asset the board at work: peopleâ management and improvement. fourth ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Silverman, D. (2007). A short, genuinely fascinating and sensibly modest book aboutâ qualitative exploration. London: Sage. This article on Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance was composed and put together by client Kaylynn Hebert to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

CELTA Language Task Essays

CELTA Language Task Essays CELTA Language Task Essay CELTA Language Task Essay I have picked a bona fide article, for it gives understudies taste of genuine language being used, and furnishes them with substantial etymological information for their oblivious procurement (Swan 1 985, p. 85). Moreover, a legitimate book gives students chances to encounter language as it is utilized past the study hall (Nana 1999, p. 80) instead of scripted writings. Along these lines, a real book ends up being increasingly basic to LET for it ought to connect with and challenge understudies at this level. Accept there are no words that are urgent to a general comprehension of the article. Ere with Harmer (2001 , p. 272) concerning pre-instructing: by giving them a few or each one of those words, we deny them an opportunity to work on handling bona fide writings. Regardless, I would evoke some lexis to ensure the understudies have comprehended the content and figured out how to figure the importance from the unique situation. This anyway would be done ATA later phase of the exerci se. Lead in/forecast: At the start of a run of the mill English language exercise it is acceptable to lead-in by initiating the understudies pattern, which is their previous information on the world (Cook, 69, 1989). By urging understudies to utilize what they as of now, the open door for language learning is amplified. I would start by showing the primary picture and the heading of the article, at that point request that the class work two by two. The understudies would be solicited to foresee what the point from the paper article is (Appendix 1. 0). This is a very understudy focused movement which makes enthusiasm for the substance of the content and initiates schemata. When the conversations calm down, class criticism would be assembled. To guarantee the understudies read for essence in the following movement, would just banner up three forecasts on the board for the understudies to confirm. This stage will leave the scratches with a valid justification to peruse (Harmer, p. 288). Skimming (Reading for essence): would request that the understudies skim read the article (Appendix 2. 0) and request that they talk about two by two whether the expectations they made before were right or not before doing a class conversation. In any case, to guarantee that understudies substance read just I would allow students 3 minutes, with the goal that they don't peruse the article seriously. This undertaking is utilized to build up the understudies sub-expertise Of perusing for substance, or skimming (Scrivener, p. 185). Additionally to improve understudies perusers, it is critical to bring issues to light that its not constantly basic to see very word, as this could make understudies utilize their word references and delay from perusing (Scrivener, p. 153). Perusing for additional detail (Intensive perusing In request to build up the sub aptitude of perusing for additional detail, set a progression of valid/bogus inquiries (Appendix 3. 0). The movement will test whether the understudy! Increased greatest data from the content (Harmer, p. 70). The valid and bogus exercises can fall both into perusing for explicit data and perusing for detail, accordingly it is critical to define suitable inquiries, which will require the student to peruse to discover further detail instead of pacific snippet of data. So as to have the understudies center, they would chip away at their ow n, underlining the portions of content where they discovered answers. When finished with perusing and noting valid/bogus proclamations, the understudies peer check and talk about their answers among themselves, alluding to the featured content. Bellyacher cited in (Alison, peg. 102) states that on the off chance that there is an atmosphere of trust and backing in the study hall, at that point the understudies ARP bound to contribute. One method of building up this is to permit pair checking of answers before open-class checking answers, the understudies will at that point be mineral prone to contribute during the open class conversation. This advances informative language educating. Moreover, this would offer me a chance to screen understudy conversations. When the discussion normally calms down I would assemble entire class input. Assigning an understudy and furthermore requesting that they develop their thinking, just as posing further inquiries or in any event, getting their own perspectives. This is a significant phase of the exercise, as Scrivener brings up an exercise without input is encouraging dhal continues forward without reference to what sway this is having on the g. 73). This is to show their commitment with the content, rather than just noting valid/bogus explanations. This should be possible with some subsequent inquiries, as Harmer (2007, peg. 75) says, we ought to consistently ask the understudies where in the content they have discovered the appropriate response, as it incite a point by point investigation of the content. Post-perusing free conversation The last movement is a free conversation, which would permit me to screen further for any blunders in significance, structure or elocution (MAP) while the understudies talk about their own conclusions on these developments in gatherings of fou r. Would initially strive a model as my own supposition to introduce the language in setting and urge understudies to communicate their considerations on the point. The motivation behind the post perusing task is to permit the understudies to use the examined jargon. I would then assemble input from the class, designating bunch individuals to rundowns what their group has talked about, regardless of whether they concur with the makers or not. Getting the opportunity to screen two significant conversation in the class, ought to at this stage have accumulated a few blunders that the understudies have made, either with importance, structure or articulation. I have left his as far as possible, as interfering with understudy conversations to address a blunder could be humiliating, and would upset the progression of the exercise. While, towards the finish of the exercise it is anything but difficult to catch class eye and experience a portion of the blunders together, inspiring the right MAP from the understudies, so as to allow them to address their errors and fossil the right structure. Perusing like listening are responsive language aptitudes and building up these expertise: is critical to expanding understudy cognizance and valuation for the English language. Accordingly, a very much organized exercise which follows the SEA (Engage, plaster ND actuate) stages is fundamental to the students advancement.

CICR Fellowship Deadline Extended COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

CICR Fellowship Deadline Extended COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog On April 6th I posted some information about a fellowship opportunity associated with the Center for International Conflict Resolution.   I am happy to say that the deadline to apply has been extended.   For full details of the fellowship, please revisit this post.   Over $20,000 is being awarded and this certainly is a wonderful opportunity if you qualify to apply. The following is the communication I received: The Center for International Conflict Resolution at Columbia University has extended the deadline for all Masters and Doctoral students applying for Fellowships at The Fund for Global Environment and Conflict Resolution until 5pm on April 30. Please send all applications and application material to cicrapplications@columbia.edu. You can contact CICR Assistant Director, Josie Lianna Kaye at jlk2149@columbia.edu for more details.

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder Essay - 1323 Words

If you were told you suffered from a Bipolar Disorder, would you know what that meant? Bipolar disorders affect about three million people a year. Here is some background information on the different types of bipolar disorders, the possible symptoms, along with some treatment options. While bipolar disorders are not curable, they are treatable. Steve Bressert states, â€Å"Bipolar Disorder is a mental disorder that is characterized by constantly changing moods between depression and mania. The mood swings are significant, and the experiences of the highs of mania and the lows of depression are usually extreme. (Bressert) † In other words, mood swings, forms of mania and depression can be felt intensely by a person. A manic episode makes people have extreme happiness and no need for sleep. While a depressive episode makes you have extreme sadness, no energy, and make you feel hopeless. A person with a bipolar disorder can have three years of normal moods between manic or depressive episodes. Gong up and down between strong emotions can make someone feel like they cannot have a normal life. Cycling between emotions can be rapid or happen slowly over time. It can be as often as multiple times a week. However, most people experience a high manic episode or a low depressive episode over long periods of times. This does ma ke it hard to lead a regular life. If you have experienced one manic episode, you will most likely have future episodes. Directly before you have a depressiveShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder706 Words   |  3 PagesBipolar disorder is a serious mental illness that is characterized by changes in mood. It can lead to risky behavior, damage relationships and careers, and even suicidal outcomes if it’s not treated. Bipolar disorder is more common in older teenagers and young adults, it can affect children as young as 6. Women experience more periods of depression than men. More remains to be learned about this condition that affects millions of people. Aretaeus of Cappadocia began the process of detailingRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1454 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the greatly investigated neurological disorders is Bipolar Disorder. Regrettably, due to social stigma, funding issues, and a lack of education, many who are dealing with this disorder do not receive adequate treatment. Bipolar disorder, is also known as manic-depressive illness, it is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, and the ability to carry out normal daily tasks. Symptoms of the disorder are severe and diverse from the normal ups and downs that everyone goesRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1486 Words   |  6 Pagespeople may think that having bipolar disorder means that anyone with the disorder are just simply put, â€Å"crazy†, I was one of those people but the meanings of those two things couldn’t possibly be any more different. Bipolar disorder is defined as â€Å"A disorder ass ociated with episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.†(google.com) â€Å"Bipolar disorder is a chronic illness with recurring episodes of mania and depression†(nami.org). â€Å"The term â€Å"bipolar† — which means â€Å"two poles† signifyingRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1020 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar disorder, formally known as ‘manic depression’, is known for its extreme mood swings; these can last anything from weeks to months and are far more extreme than moods most people would experience. 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Furthermore, due to the extreme mood swings and emotionalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pages1 HelenKeller541 Physiology October 26, 2016 Abstract: Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder; also referred to as manic depressive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V, 2013). Bipolar disorder is a depressive disorder with manic episodes, it is placed between the chapters on schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders in recognition of their place as a bridge between the two diagnostics in terms of symptomology, family historyRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar disorder is simply defined as a manic depressive illness, which affects a persons mood and energy. However, the way it affects a person’s mood is dramatic and severe. These are severe moods are called episodes of mania and depression, which means a person who suffers from bipolar disorder might be extremely excited and happy one day, and extremely depressed the next day. In some cases, depressive or manic episodes last weeks, and in some cases these episodes last days. People who suffer fromRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1493 Words   |  6 PagesRorman Ms. Chrisman English 10 30 November 2016 Bipolar Disorder If people don’t get enough sleep and miss a meeting, they are just upset, but for people with bipolar disorder, it can trigger another episode to their week. Bipolar Disorder is a brain disorder that can cause shifts in people s mood that are more unusual. Signs and symptoms can be different depending on if the person has manic or depressive episodes. A person with the disorder can also give their family and friends struggles, asideRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1390 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch of bipolar disorder will not only describe in detail the symptoms and affects of this mood disorder, but it will also include the advantages, disadvantages of the treatment and medications, and the major role that medications take. Bipolar disorder involves periods of elevated or irritable mood (mania), alternating with episodes of depression (Moore and Jefferson, 2004). The â€Å"mood swings† of mania and depression are very sudden and can happen at anytime any place. Bipolar disorder is categorizedRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1700 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorders, also known as manic depression, are mental disorders characterized by shifting moods between depression and mania (Bressert, 2016). Those with a bipolar disorder, have extreme emotional states called mood periods. In the United States, more than 10 million people have bipolar disorder (Kennedy, 2015). It is lifelong, but can be treated. Although it can easily be treated, once patients choose to stop taking their medication their symptoms worsen. Around 15 percent

An Honest Perspective on Professional Custom Essay

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Russel Williams Media Free Essays

The Truth is Not Always What We Want to Hear: Did the Media Go Too Far in Covering Russell Williams? Kaitlyn Witmeyer The University of Western Ontario Society relies so vastly on media as a source of information, that in some cases there can be discrepancy on what is deemed as appropriate or not appropriate when covering a story. This is the case for the story of Russell Williams who is charged with two accounts of murder, sexual assault and countless occurrences of breaking and entering. Williams’ case has been highly covered by the media and a great magnitude of disturbing details as well as photos has been provided while documenting events. We will write a custom essay sample on Russel Williams Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now The amount of information provided to the public has caused a controversy as to what is appropriate and ethical to share in concern of the victims directly involved in the case. The information provided as well as the photos is a necessary approach in order to inform the public of the severity of the situation. There are however, certain unnecessary disturbing details that should be omitted. Russell Willams, formally known as Colonel Russell Williams, is a powerful figure in Canada whose job consisted of commander of the forces base in Trenton. This is what makes the particular story so shocking; that a person of such power and who has respect by the country can commit such acts. It is also why the need for publicity is important. Williams murdered two females, Jessica Llyod who was 27, and Marie-France Comeau who was 37, but this was not until after his countless number of break-ins as well as the sexual assault of two separate women. Williams has a sexual fetish with female undergarments and would break into the homes of women and take pictures of himself wearing these articles as well as steal them for his own personal pleasure. This obsession is believed to what lead to the unfortunate assaults and deaths of the other women. When the story was first broadcast The Toronto Star and The Toronto Sun both released photos of Williams posing in female lingerie on the front cover of the morning paper. The Star had a photo of Williams posing in lingerie particularly placed next to a photo of him in is Colonel uniform. This photo caused controversy and even though it may be graphic for a front-page headline, it is necessary. There are much more disturbing photos that exist of Williams actually assaulting his victims, but those will never, and should never be released. The photo of Williams in lingerie was necessary to be released because it showed the public of how alarming the case actually is without crossing the line of being morbid. The Toronto Star received a lot of backlash from the photo released however people need to remember that Williams is a murderer and not to just focus on him being a fetishist (McGrath 2010). Due to all the troubling information and photos released, people may tend to concentrate more on the fetish-like behaviours Williams displayed and not give enough attention to the fact that he took the lives of two young women. It was important that the media relay enough details to the public concerning the case so an understanding of the severity of the situation could be made. The message of the situation was relayed across without the need for unnecessary disturbing details like The Toronto Star’s article states â€Å"On New Year’s Day 2008, he broke into a home in the Ottawa neighbourhood where he lived and sprayed semen on a 15-year-old girl’s dresser. He then took a picture of himself with the girl’s make-up brush touching his penis† (Rankin, 2010). This piece of information is quite disturbing and unnecessary in relaying the message to the public. A play by play is also provided of Williams’ video raping Comeau, â€Å" The video beings of Comeau lying in fetal position on her antique wood bed, duct tape wound around her head and covering her face in a T-shape that only her nose is exposed† (Mandel, 2010). Although the video its self was not released to the public, a detailed description still leaves an image burned in our minds. Chris Nicholas of the Ontario Provincial Police Department believes that the detailed information is a â€Å"good dose of reality of how evil people can be† (Hewit, 2010). Although it is a harsh reality, the people could have been spared these descriptive details. Williams broke into a total of 82 homes, but only 17 of them were reported (Seglins, 2010). Many of the break-ins went unreported; this may have been due to embarrassment or unawareness but the knowledge could have helped prevent the murders that occurred. The series of break-ins began in 2007 and lasted until 2010; one can only wonder that if more incidents were reported if that outcome could have been different. Filling the public in on such knowledge now may help prevent future situations from occurring because people are aware of the suspecting signs. The names of the victims and families were not released to the media of those who were broken into or sexually assaulted. This is for the best because the families have the right to keep their names private but the information released was important for the public to know. The names of the females who were raped and murdered were released because it becomes crucial information when someone is murdered in order to obtain more evidence. Even though the names were not released of many of the victims, those who live in their tight nit communities would be aware of who they are and what they experienced. Some may find the sharing of events embarrassing but it is important for the public to be aware of the events that occurred. Cases like Williams’ help society become more knowledgeable and by that, implements can be made to try and make people aware so situations like this can be avoided. Children have become so street proof that they are afraid to talk to people who they do not know, even if their intentions are harmless. This loses a sense of community and even though unfortunate it is now a necessary precaution. Two murders, two sexual assaults, 82 break-ins, and numerous female undergarments stolen. The truth can be a harsh reality, and for the story of Russell Williams, this is the exact case. Some may continue to find the information provided in the media as inappropriate and unethical. The public could have been spared certain images and details that would have been better left out with the message of the story still making its point across. It is however though still important for the public to be aware of the severity of the situation. Let this unfortunate story be a building block in society to help improve the world we live in. References Friscolanti, M. (n. d). The Dark Depraved Side of Russell Williams Revealed in Court. Macleans. Retrieved from www2. macleans. ca/2010/10/18/dark-depraved-side-of-russell-williams-revealed- in-court/ Hewit, P. (2010, October 19). Do We Need to Know all the Details of Williams’ Crimes?. The Toronto Star. Retrieved from http://www. thestar. om/news/canada/article/ 877982– release-of-shocking-details-of-williams-crimes-unprecedented-judicial-candour Mandal, M. (2010, October 19). Col. Russell Williams, You are a Bastard. Toronto Sun. Retrieved from www. torontosun. com/news/2010/10/19/15754206. html McGrath, J. M. (n. d. ). Should graphic Russell Williams photos go on the front page? | Mediaocracy | torontolife. com. Home | torontolife. com. Retrieved from http://www. tor ontolife. com/daily/informer/mediaocracy/2010/10/19/should-graphic-russell-williams-photos-go-on-the-front-page/ Rankin, J. 2010, October 18). The secret life of Col. Russell Williams exposed . The Toronto Star. Retrieved from http://www. thestar. com/news/canada/article/877044–the-secret-life-of-col-russell-williams-exposed Rankin, J. (2010, October 19). A depraved Double Life. The Toronto Star, pp. A1. Seglins, D. (2010, October 21). CBC News – Canada – Col. Russell Williams pleads guilty to all 88 charges. CBC. ca – Canadian News Sports Entertainment Kids Docs Radio TV. Retrieved from http://www. cbc. ca/canada/story/2010/10/18/col-williams-court-1018. html How to cite Russel Williams Media, Papers

Shirley Valentine Essay Example

Shirley Valentine   Essay Originally Shirley Valentine was a sensational monologue performed by Pauline Collins. Willy Russell wrote it as a screenplay about a tedious and lone some middle-aged womans story who is trapped in her marriage. She has the utter extravagant opportunity to escape from this miserable life of hers to go and search for the real Shirley Valentine. During this journey we are shown the different stages of her life as she sees them. Russell has used devices such as flashbacks and voiceovers to make the screen play more interesting for the audience to understand. These devices play a big role in the structure of the play. This essay illuminates Shirleys transformation and how the formation of the play shows this. Russell has used a wide range of cinematic devices. This allows the audience to understand Shirley in a more better interesting and effective way. We are shown credits before the start. They overlay pictures of more domestic activities which any typical house wife would have to do. For example gardening and cleaning. We also hear a soundtrack which gives a negative feeling because of its sympathetic mood. This gives us a clue about the film and also introduces the idea of regret. The lyrics describe some one who is not appeased and satisfied. This would make us think that the movie is about Shirley and her unsatisfied life. We will write a custom essay sample on Shirley Valentine   specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shirley Valentine   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shirley Valentine   specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The film opens with Shirley doing one of her domestic activities. Shes carrying her bags of shopping in to the kitchen in a uncheery manner. Shirley then closes the door and leans against it . A moment later we have her talking to the wall Hello wall to indicate that she must be lonely and even shows us that she must be fed-up. Gillian pops by and asks Shirley to come over. Shirley (vo) said, oooo shes got a brain tumour. Gillian thinks shes the best and shows off all the time. She asks Shirley to feed the dog while shes away in Brussels very rudely. Id make arrangements for mummy to feed Claymore- but she finds now she cant do this evening. So if you could manage. Its like just Gillian insulted Shirley. Gillian told Shirley to feed the muesli to the vegetarian bloodhound. However Shirley gave Joes steak to the dog as she knew it was sick of eating muesli. Gillian didnt seem to realise that. Russell had used specific devices to help the audience get to know Shirley better. Just like flashbacks, which enable us to see the past to see what happened. We only see what happened from Shirleys point of view. So we only see one side of the argument. We often have Shirley talking to the camera. This would make us feel included and as though shes talking to us telling us her feelings which may encourage us to believe her so well be on her side as were biased. Shirley shares her feelings with the wall as there is no body else around ,Hey, wall do you remember when we first moved in here?. There were shown a flashback in which Joe and Shirley are newly married. The scene shows is how happy they both were, their relationship was so friendly and everything was perfect. The scene after this contrasts sharply because their relationship with each other has completely changed, kind of like the opposite. When Joe comes home he starts yelling at Shirley in a very bad way, Who the bloody hell are you talkin to?. After watching the flash back we can see how Shirleys life has changed. We feel more sympathy for her because of Joes change. We think that its all Joes fault and that theres no hand of Shirley behind this. The play is organised with flashbacks to show the importance of these changes. The flashback of when they were newly married fits in because the scene before is about Shirley talking to the wall about how Joe used to be. It connects. The play has been organised into flashbacks through out so that we can look back at events from Shirleys point of view so we can understand her better. Just like the flash back of when Shirley was at school. Voiceovers help too because as well as just watching what happened, we listen to Shirley tell us how she felt and also add anything that would help us to understand the situation that she was in better. Like when the headmistress said, Oh, Shirley do put your hand down. You couldnt possibly know the answer. Shirley was not given the opportunity to answer the question because of her image and impression on people. Shirley (vo) , But I knew I had the right answer. This showed us that Shirleys expectations werent high enough at school. The turning point for Shirley was after that school assembly because she wasnt given the chance to participate which made her really furious. Shirley (vo), But it was only the clever ones who get to do things like that. The ones like Majorie Majors. S hirley started to pick on Majorie Majors because of her jealousy and became evil. Shirley (vo) , I was never really interested in school after that. I became a rebel. If the play wasnt organised into flashbacks and other devices and the story was shown in the order it actually happened then we would not feel sympathy for Shirley. We may even hate her know because we wouldnt see the story from her eyes. Shirley isnt quite sure of her decision to go to Greece. The scene when Joe violently pushes his plates of chips and egg is when Shirley makes her mind to go. She shows Joe the poster of Greece to tell him that shes going. Shirley said, Its a place . . . Its a place Im goin to. It was Joes behaviour that made Shirley make her mind up, Joe was the reason of Shirley deciding not to go because of her guiltiness of leaving Joe alone. We understand that its right for Shirley to go because of the way Joes been treating her and because of the flashbacks which makes us feel sorry for her. This chips and egg scene shows us that all Joe cares about is his daily routine, nothing else is important to him. Joe was swearing and yelling at Shirley just because she fed the steak to Gillians dog. Joe said, Chips an eggs. Chips an friggin egg . . . when Im working all the hours that God sends. This scene shows us that Joe still hasnt been able to understand Shirley well. Joe thinks that Shirleys all happy at home and has a great time. He doesnt get that she talks to the kitchen wall because of her loneliness. We also understand that its right for Shirley to go because we see things from her point of view and Shirley thinks that its right for herself to go so we agree with her. During her holiday in Greece Shirley begins to like herself again. She realises her need for happiness. The fact that she changes from Shirley Bradshaw to Shirley Valentine is made noticeable by Willy Russell. The scene on the boat when Shirley and Costas lie on a towel kissing is an example of Shirley changing because it shows us if Shirley still cared about Joe she would have said no to him. When Jane said, I know you must be having the most awful time. I suppose youve been sitting here talking to the wall havent you? . . . Jane was wrong this shows that Shirley has changed because what Jane expected fro her didnt happen. Shirley had a great time with Costas and on the beach. This shows that Shirley is becoming independent and is no longer dependant on others. The setting and costume are different in Greece and so helped because Greece is full of Sunshine and social life where as in Liverpool its usually quite dull with pouring rain and for most of the time Shirleys at home alone. We are shown short scenes in which Shirley gets together with other women and is socially involved. In Greece people are open with each other. Shirleys clothing in Greece made her seem younger and single. Kitchen sink drama is drama portraying working class and lower middle class life, social problems or relationships with an emphasis on domestic realism. Shirley Valentine is an example of Kitchen sink drama because it is based around the kitchen sink. Shirley has no purpose in life and hasnt fulfilled her ambitions. She is caught in her married life. She doesnt have any particular reason to live. You cant say Shirley Valentine is a proper kitchen sink drama because in the end Shirley is no longer around the kitchen sink. This shows that she has changed. This is why it just leans upon Kitchen sink drama. Russell has made many of the convections of Kitchen sink drama to make the screen play more poignant. At the end we can tell that Shirley has changed because from working in the kitchen she now works in Greece in the Taverna. This is a physical change but she has mentally changed too. Her thoughts, ideas of living and everything has changed. She even admits it, Thats right Joe. Thats exactly what it is, Joe. Its a change of life. In the last scene Joe walks past Shirley because he didnt manage to recognise her. This shows that Shirley has even changed her look. She called Joe and said, Hello I used to be the mother, I used to be the wife but now Im Shirley Valentine again. Joe had no choice he had to accept it because Shirley just told him that she changed. Joe remained silent until Shirley asked him to join her for a drink. Joe said, Err, thanks. This shows that Joe is a little nervous and because he didnt say anything it shows their relationship has changed and that shes no longer Shirley Bradshaw. At the beginning in a flash back we found out that young Shirley hated herself. She wanted to be like Majorie. Now Shirley is proud of her self as an individual. She has gained confidence in herself. She relied on Joe for almost everything but now she doesnt need him, which is why she didnt leave him earlier. The play has been organised using devices to show the importance of Shirleys changes and so that they are well noticed. The play has been structured in such a way to show the changes clearly.

Lloyd George fall fron power essays

Lloyd George fall fron power essays Why Did Lloyd George Fall From Power 1922? Prime Minister. The Radical Lloyd George made a greater impact on British public life than any in 20th century. He laid the foundations of what later became the welfare state and put a progressive income tax system at the centre of government finance. He also left his mark on the system of government by enlarging the scope of the Prime Minister role. In 1918 he was acclaimed, as the Man who won the war (which Hitler claimed himself). He also had major achievement to his credit: the parliamentary reform of 1918 which enfranchised women, the 1918 Education Act, the 1919 Housing Act, the settlement of the Irish question in 1921, and of course the Versailles. But in time both Liberals and Conservatives follows dissatisfied. In this assignment I will be analysing his actions, which led to his downfall. They were many reasons why Lloyd George falls from power in 1922. I shall begin to look at the different policies and things he did, which failed badly and worsened his position. When he didnt punish Germany as much as people thought he should, they began to query his motives and his loyalty to Britain. Because this is the same Racial Prime Minister who promised to Hang the Kaiser which he instead sent him to Holland (because he apparently was related to the king). But many people did not know this, and it contributed to his downfall. People than began to lose faith in him due to his failure to keep promises (like most politicians), e.g. Land fit for heroes is what he had promised but he didnt have this in 1922. He had never been forgiven for some radical measures he had used in the past, e.g. Threatening to stave people to death and the Black and Tans (who were employed deliberately by L-G to terrorise the civilian population of Ireland). These werent the sorts of things that the people expected from their Prime Minis...

How to Use Footnotes in Research Papers

How to Use Footnotes in Research Papers A footnote is a reference, explanation, or comment1 placed below the main text on a printed page. Footnotes are identified in the text by a numeral  or a  symbol.  Ã‚   In research papers and reports, footnotes commonly acknowledge the sources of facts and quotations that appear in the text. Footnotes are the mark of a scholar, says Bryan A. Garner. Overabundant, overflowing footnotes are the mark of an insecure scholar - often one who gets lost in the byways of analysis and who wants to show off (Garners Modern American Usage, 2009). Examples and Observations Footnotes: vices. In a work containing many long footnotes, it may be difficult to fit them onto the pages they pertain to, especially in an illustrated work.Content footnotes  supplement or simplify substantive information in the text; they should not include complicated, irrelevant, or nonessential information...Copyright permission footnotes  acknowledge the source of lengthy quotations, scale and test items, and figures and tables that have been reprinted or adapted.Content FootnotesWhat, after all, is a  content footnote  but material that one is either too lazy to integrate into the text or too reverent to discard? Reading a piece of prose that constantly dissolves into extended footnotes is profoundly disheartening. Hence my rule of thumb for footnotes is exactly the same as that for  parentheses. One should regard them as symbols of failure. I hardly  need to add that in this vale of tears failure is sometimes unavoidable.Footnote FormsAll notes have the same gene ral form:1. Adrian Johns. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 623.If you cite the same text again, you can shorten subsequent notes:5. Johns. Nature of the Book, 384-85. The Disadvantages of FootnotesMore than one recent critic has pointed out that footnotes interrupt a narrative. References detract from the illusion of veracity and immediacy . . . . (Noel Coward made the same point more memorably when he remarked that having to read a footnote resembles having to go downstairs to answer the door while in the midst of making love.)Belloc on Footnotes[L]et a man put his foot-notes in very small print indeed at the end of a volume, and, if necessary, let him give specimens rather than a complete list. For instance, let a man who writes history as it should be written - with all the physical details in evidence, the weather, the dress, colors, everything - write on for the pleasure of his reader and not for his critic. But let him take sections here and there, and in an appendix show the critic how it is being done. Let him keep his notes and challenge criticism. I think he will be secure. He will not be secure from the anger of those who cannot write clearly, let alone vividly, and who have never in their lives been able to resurrect the past, but he will be secure from their destructive effect. The Lighter Side of FootnotesA footnote is like running downstairs  to answer the doorbell on your wedding night. 1 The footnote has figured prominently in the fictions of such leading contemporary novelists as Nicholson Baker2, David Foster Wallace3, and Dave Eggers. These writers have largely revived the digressive function of the footnote.(L. Douglas and A. George, Sense and Nonsensibility: Lampoons of Learning and Literature. Simon and Schuster, 2004) 2 [T]he great scholarly or anecdotal footnotes of Lecky, Gibbon, or Boswell, written by the author of the book himself to supplement, or even correct over several later editions, what he says in the primary text, are reassurances that the pursuit of truth doesnt have clear outer boundaries: it doesnt end with the book; restatement and self-disagreement and the enveloping sea of referenced authorities all continue. Footnotes are the finer-suckered surfaces that allow tentacular paragraphs to hold fast to the wider reality of the library.(Nicholson Baker, The Mezzanine. Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1988) 3 One of the odd pleasures in reading the work of the late David Foster Wallace is the opportunity to escape from the main text to explore epic footnotes, always rendered at the bottoms of pages in thickets of tiny type.(Roy Peter Clark, The Glamour of Grammar. Little, Brown, 2010) Sources Hilaire Belloc,  On, 1923Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, 2003Anthony Grafton,  The Footnote: A Curious History. Harvard University Press, 1999.Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed., 2010.Paul Robinson, The Philosophy of Punctuation.  Opera, Sex, and Other Vital Matters. University of Chicago Press, 2002.Kate Turabian,  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th ed. University of Chicago Press, 2007.

Summarize and analyze the peer-reviewed article you selected, briefly Essay

Summarize and analyze the peer-reviewed article you selected, briefly noting how it differs from the nonpeer-reviewed resource you used - Essay Example ed article is also organized into sections like abstract, introduction, methodology, results and discussions unlike in the non peer reviewed where the article may or may not have subtitles. The peer reviewed article also gives the names of all the scholars who are involved in criticizing the article which is not the case with the non peer reviewed article. This article helps one understand the Restless Legs Syndrome which is a health problem and the medical costs of its treatment. The article explores Restless Legs Syndrome, it causes and how the syndrome was diagnosed in a group of people and this gives me insights on how to conduct a research on this healthcare problem and other problems (Calloway et.al, 2012). As a scholar and a practitioner in health care administration, this peer- reviewed article is quite beneficial as it helps in understanding the economic burden in the treatment of the syndrome. The peer reviewed articles gives a scholar-practitioner in health care adequate knowledge in research and health care plans which should be implemented to reduce all costs associated with the treatment of the

Summary and response 11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary and response 11 - Assignment Example However, the physical price will only be paid by them. 3. "Kentucky Town Illustrates National Obesity Crisis" prompt: How does Haygood explain the serious increase in over weight and obese people in this town? What evidence does he provide? What attitude does he say contribute to this problem? Haygood mainly focuses in his article over the unhealthy lifestyle of most people of Kentucky town. He questions a few families like the family of three, father and 2 daughters.. Haygood provides a review of the town in relation to obesity by highlighting the sufferers of obesity. In addition, he creates a bridge between obesity and the town having no Parks and such facilities along with a healthy store that gives nutritional information to the people. Susie Orbach analyses â€Å"feminism† when finding out the cause for women suffering from obesity. She pints out and talks about the Social pressure placed on the women of America. She further, asserts that if you are a true supporter of women, being overweight proves your disapproval for the society and its set patterns and opinions, which is wrong. Orbach also deals with the fact that women in America are falling in the traps of obesity with the passage of

Marketing planning

Marketing planning Introduction : This assignment is submitted in partial fulfilment of the marketing planning unit. I have been asked to conduct macro-environmental and micro environmental marketing audit to identify the current and key issues facing the organization I propose to launch a Fabindia store in Milan, Italy. The report outlines reasons for undertaking the audit and appraises the processes, models and techniques used for the audit. It also assesses the external and internal marketing environment for the organisation and summarises the impact of this analysis for the organisations marketing plan and marketing mix. Finally have proposed a marketing plan details about how it can be executed. 1.About Fabindia: 1.1 History: The first Fabindia outlet was set up in 1961 by John Bissell to provide a platform for traditional artisans and printers to market their produce to showcase diverse craft traditions of India. 1.2 Current Philosophy: Eco-friendly, ethical hand crafted Indian products. Mission: Traditional, ethnic products creating sustainable employment for craftsmen and artisans in rural India. 1.3 Current Target Audience: Retail- Age Group: Not specific Sex: Male Female Economic Class: Upper and higher middle class. Geographical Places: Metros, tier 2 tier 3 cities. Institutional Buyers: Heritage hotels, resorts corporate houses. 1.4 Current Product Range: Garments for men and women, Accessories, Home Linen and Furnishings, Home Products, Floor Coverings, Body Care Products and more recently, Organic Food Products and ethnic jewellery. 1.5 Timeline of its stores: 1976 1st retail outlet, New Delhi. By 2001 6 stores concentrated in the metro cities. By the end of 2004 20 stores. By the end of 2007 75 retail stores across India and in addition, stores in Dubai, Rome and Guangzhou in China. By 2008 99 stores. By 2009 108 stores. By 2011 Target of having 250 stores. Fabindia: Retail Snapshot 108 stores across 40 cities 6 stores abroad. Dubai, UAE, Bahrain (three stores), Doha, Qatar and in Rome, Italy. Online Shopping Exports to 34 countries 1.6 Sales Revenue: 2000-01 : Turnover of 36 crore rupees 2005-06 : Turnover of Rs 130 crore. 2007-08 : Revenue of Rs 257 crore 2008-2009 : Revenue of Rs 300 crore. but growth more than halved to 17% from 40% in 2007-08. By 2011: Target turnover Rs 1000 crore. 1.7 Future Plans: Leveraging the Organic Products section, childrens market. Expand nationally internationally. 100,000 shareholders and five-fold increase in skilled jobs in the rural sector. Reduce the number of defects in the products to a minimal which include bleeding of colours, shrinkage etc. 2. Internal Audit: 2.1 SWOT Analysis: S T R E N G T H S Differentiable products, Diverse product mix, International appeal, Eco-friendly, ethical, natural stylish, Showcases diverse Indian craft traditions contemporary styles, Creates employment for craftsmen in rural India, Different categories of stores, Products all age groups variety of economic strata, Constant development innovations product line, Partnering suppliers sourcing from 21 states across India, Big distribution network, In-house manufacturing, Customer Loyalty, Manifold growth of most artisan suppliers linked exclusively to Fabindia. No awareness about the brand, Limited channels of business, Sourcing strategy skewed towards suppliers, Competition from brands having similar product range, Inconsistent quality of products. W E A K N E S S E S T H R E A T S Time-lines and Delivery schedules dependent on too many variables, Monitoring and Supervision contemporarising and bench marking of traditional skills based products, Building Capacity time and resource intensive, Not in touch with Fashion Trends, Competition from leading Italian brands stores. In store merchandising, Promoting e-business channel, Interactive website for customized designing Organic foods market, Customer acquisition Strategies, Growth in demand : eco-friendly products, Growing interest Indian culture, handicrafts textiles, Milan host for 1 of worlds most prestigious furniture and design fairs. Milan one of worlds major financial business centres, Worlds 26th richest city by purchasing power. O P P O R T U N I T I E S 3. External Audit: 3.1 PESTEL Analysis: Political: Change in implementation of rules regulations with introduction of new government. Eg No foreign collaborations, no foreign goods and products coming in the Italian market. Changes in policies by existing Indian government. Refer RESEARCH final.doc5.1.1 Economical: Changes due to economical descend. Eg. Reduction in employment rate purchasing power of people, resulting in low sales. Social: Social acceptance towards certain colors might vary according to different cultures and stratas of society. Eg: Products in bright colors which are popular in India is not socially accepted in Milan. Refer RESEARCH final.doc5.1.3 Technological: Utilizing technology infrastructure of international standards. Eg. CRM software implemented in stores will help in maintaining centralized database. This will help Fabindia in retaining customers by building lasting relationships improving Loyalty. Environmental: Material used for making products not approved allowed by Italian Government. Eg. If products are found to be made of materials hazardous to the environment the Italian government can take strict actions against the company under the Environmental Protection Law. Refer Legal: Difference in manufacturing standards , process , trading etc. Eg. Conformity to European standards and CE marking. Taxes for businesses in Italy. Refer RESEARCH final.doc5.1.6 3.2 Impact of Porters 5 Forces : Threat of Subsitutes: There should not be threat of substitute to the products of Fabindia since they are eco-friendly organic products which have replaced the ordinary conventional products are in huge demand. Market Segmentation: 4. Market Segmentation : Age Group: All age groups. Sex: Male Female Economic Class: Not specific Geographical Place: Milan, Italy. Fabindia intends to continue expanding internationally currently 6 stores abroad. Milan very important city in Italy one of worlds major financial business centres. Main goal of Fabindia to promote vast diverse craft traditions of India. Since there is a growing interest among Europeans about Indian handcrafted products, Indian textiles, art cultures, Fabindia holds lot of potential in European market. Fabindia very ethical eco-friendly company which supports many causes Europeans like being part of such endeavours. Fabindia does not target any specific age group or any specific economic strata, has something for every one. Fiera Milano citys ExhibitionCenter and Trade Fair complex is one of most important in the world Milan is one of fashion capitals of the world. Fabindia wants to increase its global reach, since lot of international buyers visit Milan, it can prove to be great opportunity for it. The employment rate in Milanis 95-96% therefore the spending power of people is very high. Thus opening a store at Milan should prove to be beneficial. 5. Proposed Marketing Mix: Execution: They should carry out extensive market research, study kind of products established stores are selling. Meetings with designers artisans can be conducted designers give inputs on current market trends and emerging designs to weavers brainstorm innovative techniques. They can design stylish products emphasizing on Indian craftsmanship explore rich Indian fabrics with numerous surface ornamentation techniques. Range will be exclusively designed for the Milan market. They can take customer feedback through their online website know preferences of their customers design accordingly. Product range fine combinations of Indian aesthetics and western design sensibility. Farmers will supply Fabindia with organic varieties from places like Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Coorg, Tamil Nadu. They believe giving farmers fair price for their produce, and supplying very highest quality food to their customers. 5.2 Price: Products different price ranges. Products will be affordable, will give ‘value for money. It hasexpanded its range- to provide something for all its customers. Execution: Type of Products PriceRange ( Euros) Textile-based product range 5-15 Home Products range 20-300 Fabindia Organics 3 onwards Fabindia Sana 3-30 5.3 Place : Fabindia should be strategically located at Sesto San Giovanni full of commerce, restaurants, hotels, malls, rail station, red line of Metro. Brand Zara home is located there Habitat is near by. 2 eco hotels Hotel la Residenza Via Scialoia or Hotel Ariston, Galeria del Corso near Sesto San Giovanni can be considered. Piazza del Duomo is also very good location which attracts lot of people boutiques, bookstores big stores to indulge in elegant and cultural shopping. They can haveconcept stores or premium stores located in famous historical landmarks and renowned big heritage for convenience of potential buyer and creation of overall awareness. Execution: With help of Search Office Space (SOS), can find appropriate place. FREE Service They are paid by advertisers. Impartial Advice Their mission is to find space that meets YOUR requirements. They provide with tailor made options that match your specifications. They take care of entire search show options, help create a shortlist, arrange for you to view space, compare prices, make your final selection and arrange your move-in date. 5.4 Promotion: Promoting its products, mostly through posters, word of mouth and events. Placing ads in local newspapers about ongoing events organized in store to increase awareness about store locations, usinglot of in-store posters to create consumer awareness about products and rural suppliers etc., putting up hoardings, creating awareness social causes which they represent associate with, promote through website. Execution: GlobalCom PR-Network is worldwide group of full service PR and Marketing Communications agencies. It more than 40 partners and affiliated agencies cover all member states of European Union. Their strength is their local expertise in all European market. Portfolio includes: Public Analyst Relations Marketing Communications Online Marketing Market Research Media Training By engaging professional PR agency conversant with Italian Market environment, different strategies can be devised to promote store. 5.5 Process : It believes: â€Å"Delighted Customer is our Best BrandAmbassador†. It should focus on customer retention build loyal customer base. Execution: It should implement CRM software aims to help maintain centralized database to keep records of customers, details about past purchases, preferences or by having Value Customer Card gives history customer details each time, card is swiped. They should have interactive events for customers with design team, customers can get style tips, Feedback sessions between Fabindia designers customers loyal customers can be given certain privileges get special invites to events organized by Fabindia like exhibitions, concerts. will help it in retaining customers improving loyalty. 5.6 Physical Evidence: By endorsing and sponsoring events- creative communication tools innovative activities attract customers gaining maximum publicity possible. Execution: Having in store posters to create consumer awareness about dyes used in products, products and where they come from, i.e. rural suppliers Having dà ©cor and layouts highlight traditional and natural focus, having catalogues giving details current merchandise, LCD screens playing how artisans work manufacture, brochures informing Fabindia events lined up, Indianised eco-friendly stylish carry bags with personalized thank you cards, leaflets informing causes Fabindia supports eco-friendly practices it follows. 5.7 People: People working with and for Fabindia representatives of Fabindia. They should be aware of all its products, be knowledgable, friendly, helpful, attentive, speak lot of languages and develop good customer relations. Store personnel encouraged to wear clothes that reflect Fabindia ethos of traditional and natural look. Execution: Fabindia should register on website of recruiting agency help it to find its potential employees. Fabindia should train people with required knowledge and customer service. People working in store can attend regular training programmes. 6. Ansoffs Grrowth Strategy: 6.1 MARKETING STRATEGY FOR FABINDIA MILAN USING ANSOFFS GRID Milan potential market with growing interest among Europeans about Indian handcrafted products, Indian textiles cultures Fiera Milano citys Exhibition Center one of most important in world visited by manyinternational buyers, great opportunity for Fabindia help increase global reach. Fabindia very ethical eco-friendly company, supports many causes Europeans like being part of such endeavours. Currently Fabindia store in Rome, Italy has been doing well. Fabindia expand internationally to create brand awareness in new place, to launch itself in different parts it should use Market Development Strategy . Fabindia very popular for its fashion apparels mostly made of homespun cotton. But one cannot wear cotton due to climatic conditions in Milan. The colors of Fabindia products mostly very colourful, but due to gloomy weather in Milan larger population prefer pastels mid tones of all colors summers and winters black n brown rules. Milan fashion capital houses leading brands, famous for their innovative designs. It is important for Fabindia to have its merchandise designed their range planned as per market in Milan I strongly suggest Product Development Strategy. EXECUTION Core values of Fabindia to provide quality natural products, reflect the unique Indian culture hence Isuggeststore can be located infamous historical landmark have layouts highlight traditional and natural focus. Store showcases rich legacy of Indias traditional weavers, offering wide array of styles contemporary and sophisticated, must create distinct image location must be chosen with utmost care. Fabindia very ethical eco-friendly brand Ariston hotel first ecological hotel of Italy- perfect place for exclusive Fabindia store. Ariston hotel situated in heart of Milan, 500 metres from the Duomo, monuments ,few steps from Via Torino shopping area. With privileged position compared to other 3-star, near Piazza del Duomo andsubwaystops(to New Fair). Very well serviced bytram, bus. Very strategic location connected to all important places renowned museums, monuments famous shopping streets, restaurants, pizzerias movie theaters near the Duomo awareness could be created through advertising physical evidences. Since new market no awareness, needs to carry out lot of promotional activities. Can organize events like authentic Indian food festivals, , interactive workshops with Indian designers, showcasing the rich Indian culture. Fabindia associated with social causes, create awareness about involvement and brand.  · Can organize social events , sponsorships, advertise in magazines, hoardings, posters to create consumer awareness,Know what you wear Workshop. Makes customers more aware of work put in for their fabric and helps them with association with brand FabIndia. Lot of competition leading established brands in Milan selling similar products.They need to create distinct image come up product range exclusively for Milan after doing a detailed market research, products with innovative ecofriendly stylish designs with Indianised touch. Lot of importance laid on aesthetic appeal good quality. Should focus on customer retention work on strategies to build a loyal customer base. These are my recommendations for launching Fabindia in Milan. Feedback Mechanism: Mystery Shopper Program: In mystery shopper program, person hired by management goes to every store and shops there and then give feedback according to customer perspective. Store people never come to know or suspect anyone whether he is a mystery shopper or not. Detailed feedback is given to every individual shop. It consists of minute details signages outside, restrooms, behavior of staff. So it serves as a tool to provide better customer satisfaction. Feedback registers Feedback questionnaire to be filled on the website: Customer feedback by maintaining visitors register to record customer views or through questionnaires filled online. Store managers can prepare report, periodically reviewed by Product Selection Committee to know about buying pattern among consumers. CRM software Value Customer Card: CRM software can be implemented to maintain centralized database to keep customer record details or by having the Value Customer Card history details of customer each time, card is swiped. Can get to know fast slow moving products, popular styles can accordingly do range planning. Can have meeting every month to review performance discuss measures to be taken to improve sales increase consumer satisfaction.

Trade Mark

TRADE MARK 1. 1. The History Of Trademark Law The marking of goods for various purposes, including identifying them from those of other traders, dates back to ancient times. In the same way, the existence of rules governing the use of such marks goes back to the medieval craft guilds. A â€Å"trademark for commercial goods† necessarily requires commercial goods; in societies based on the barter system, therefore, there was no basis for â€Å"trademarks for goods. † Trademarks not only identify goods, but create a distinction between goods from various sources.Consequently, a competitive relationship exists, and an overly simplistic mark is insufficient to be a trademark. The trade of goods came into practice long ago, and the use of trademarks is thought to have evolved from that. The origin of trademarks can be traced back as far as the beginning of the circulation of goods. The history of marks is nearly as old as the histories of mankind and religion. Scientists have come across excavated artifacts from places such as ancient Egypt with various symbols carved thereon for religious and superstitious reasons. Potters marks† appeared in relics left from the Greek and Roman periods and were used to identify the maker (potter) of a particular vessel). Among those who specialize in researching the cultural heritage of marks, the studies surrounding â€Å"potters marks† are famous. It would be difficult, however, to say that these marks are trademarks in the sense of the modern meaning. Over time, different methods of identification and distinction developed. Loved ones and pets were given names. â€Å"Proprietary marks† (in the form of a name or symbol) were affixed to goods to enable one person to distinguish their own possessions from those of others.Craftsmen applied their names, unique drawings, or simple inscriptions to identify goods they created. Even though these marks surely helped in distinguishing goods, it is difficult to say that these marks were trademarks with distinctiveness in the modern sense of the word. Symbols on goods used in ancient Rome and other countries near the Mediterranean sea had similar characteristics to the trademarks of today. Because this ancient region is considered to be the first to actively circulate goods, it is widely thought that trademarks evolved in response to the emergence of a society in which goods circulate in commerce.However, even in those days, a trademark system based on property rights did not yet exist. Around the 10th century, a mark called a â€Å"merchants mark,† appeared, and symbols among traders and merchants increased significantly. These marks, which can be considered one kind of â€Å"proprietary mark,† essentially were used to prove ownership rights of goods whose owners were missing due to shipwrecks, pirates, and other disasters. Even now, in every part of the world, horses, sheep, and other animals are still branded with a mar k identifying the owner.In Japan, a symbol is affixed to lumber that is tied onto a raft and sent down a river to its mouth. These types of marks are reminiscent of the â€Å"merchant's mark† of the past. In guilds of the middle ages, craftsmen and merchants affixed marks to goods in order to distinguish their work from the makers of low quality goods and to maintain trust in the guilds. These marks, known as â€Å"production marks,† served to punish the manufacturers of low quality goods for not meeting the guild's standards and to maintain monopolies by the guild's members.These production marks helped consumers to identify and assign responsibility for inferior products, such as, goods short in weight, goods comprised of poor quality materials, and goods made with inferior craftsmanship. Because these marks were affixed out of compulsion or obligation, rather than one's own self-interest, they also became known as â€Å"police marks† (polizeizeichen) or †Å"responsibility marks† (pflichtzeichen). They acted not only to distinguish between sources of goods, but to serve as an indicator of quality as well.While modern marks work to ensure the quality and superiority of certain goods, the obligatory marks served to uncover defective goods. â€Å"Responsibility marks† were more burdensome than real property, and could not be changed easily once the mark had been adopted. Furthermore, it is thought that this type of mark did no more than simply guarantee minimum quality. Finally, these symbols were different from modern marks in that they emerged to benefit the guilds, and were not for the benefit of the production mark owner.From the Middle Ages, through â€Å"police marks† and â€Å"responsibility marks,† modern trademarks slowly developed as the Industrial Revolution sparked the advent of what is now modern-day capitalism. Gradually, the guild systems disintegrated, and free business was established. Marks be gan to actively identify the source of goods rather than obligatory guild membership. About this time, special criminal laws protecting trademarks were also developed out of early forgery, counterfeiting, and fraud laws.Civil protection was gradually and systematically established against those who would use another's mark with out permission (â€Å"infringers†). In France, the â€Å"Factory, Manufacture and Workplace Act† of April 20, 1803, (Article 16) is internationally noted for establishing a system which made it a crime to pass off another's seal as one's own. Further, the Criminal Acts of 1810 (Article 142) and 1824 (Article 433) made it a punishable crime to abuse the name of others or wrongly use the names of production areas.Under the English common law system, fraud and the improper use of marks known as â€Å"passing off† an action for which remedies were contemplated that continue today. A trademark equity law was added eventually to supplement comm on law protection, but England did not establish a comprehensive system for trademark protection until 1905, nearly 50 years after the establishment behind France. Prior to the 1905 Act, â€Å"The Merchandise Marks Act,† which focused on provisions dealing with deceptive indications, was passed on August 7, 1862. The â€Å"Trade Mark Registration Act† was also passed in 1875.The 1905 Act was amended in 1919 and 1937, until a new Act was passed in 1938. This Act fundamentally changed the system in many ways, permitting registration based on intent-to-use, creating an examination-based process, and creating an application publication system. It equipped the English system with advances that surpassed the trademark law of France at that time. Consequently, U. S. and Japanese trademark laws were greatly influenced by the 1938 Act. American trademark law was initially influenced strongly by English trademark law. In the U. S. various avenues are available for seeking a reme dy. The state courts will adjudicate based on state registration or common law right; the federal courts will adjudicate based on federal registration. The trademarks in the U. S. that are owned by Japanese companies are primarily federally registered trademarks. On July 8, 1870, the Federal Trade Mark Act was enacted as the first U. S. federal law to protect trademarks. In 1879, however, the U. S. Supreme Court held the law was unconstitutional due to a conflict with the provision on patents in the U. S. Constitution. It was therefore abolished.In its place, a trademark law was enacted on March 3, 1881 that targeted trademarks used in interstate commerce (and in the commerce with Indian tribes) based on the interstate commerce clause in the U. S. Constitution (art. 1, sec. 8, cl. 3). This law, however, was unable to accommodate the development of the American economy and underwent a major amendment in 1905. It underwent further partial revisions occasionally during subsequent years . Upon the enactment of the Lanham Act on July 5, 1946, American trademark law came to rank equally with English or German trademark laws.The Act was named after a congressman who had devoted himself to its creation in. The first trademark law in Pakistan was passed in 1940 and was known as the Trade Marks Act, 1940. Thereafter in order to comply with its international obligations, the Government of Pakistan decided to amend and consolidate the law relating to trademarks and unfair competition to provide for registration, better protection of trademarks, and the prevention of infringement. Therefore, the President of Pakistan passed the Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001.Trademark law in Pakistan is presently governed by the Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001 and the Trade Marks Rules, 2004. 2. 1. What is a trademark? A trademark is a sign that is used to identify certain goods and services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise. Hence, it helps to distinguish those good s and services from similar ones provided by another. For example, â€Å"DELL† is a trademark that identifies goods (computers and computer related objects). â€Å"CITY BANK† is a trademark that relates to services (banking and financial services).A trademark is any mark capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. A sign can include a letter, word, name including personal name, signature, figurative element, numeral, device, brand, heading, label, ticket, aspect of packing, shape, color, sound or any combination of these features. Figure: famous trademark logos 2. 2. Kind of signs can be used as trademarks * Trademarks may consist of a word (e. g. Kodak) or a combination of words (Coca-Cola), letters and abbreviations (e. . EMI, MGM, AOL, BMW, IBM), numerals (e. g. 7/11) and names (e. g. Ford, or Dior) or abbreviations of names (e. g. YSL, for Yves St-Laurent). * They may consist of drawings (like the logo of the Shell oil company, or the Penguin drawing for Penguin books), or three-dimensional signs such as the shape and packaging of goods (e. g. the shape of the Coca-Cola bottle or the packaging for the Toblerone chocolate). * They may also consist of a combination of colors or single colors (e. g. the orange color used for ORANGE telephone company).Even non visible signs, such as music and fragrances, may constitute trademarks. 2. 2. 1. The Trademark Must Be Distinctive it must be capable of distinguishing the goods or services with which it is used. A name which is purely descriptive of the nature of the goods and services that are offered may not constitute a valid trademark. For example, Apple may serve as a trademark for computers but not for actual apples. However, a given trademark may not be distinctive from the outset, but may have acquired distinctive character or â€Å"secondary meaning† through long and extensive use.Figure . Proposed matrix of trademark types inspired by Weckerle (1968) original taxonomy. 2. 3. Types Of Trademark Exist In addition to trademarks identifying the commercial source of goods or services, several other categories of marks exist. 1. Collective marks are marks used to distinguish goods or services produced or provided by members of an association. Collective marks are marks used to identify the services provided by members of an organization (e. g. UAW for United Auto Workers). 2.Certification marks are marks used to distinguish goods or services that comply with a set of standards and have been certified as such (e. g. The Woolmark symbol to show that products are made from 100% wool and comply with performance specifications set down by the Wool mark Company. It is registered in 140 countries and is licensed to manufacturers who are able to meet these quality standards in 67 countries). Figure . Examples of trademarks designed or altered for specific population segments. 3. 4. What function does a trademark perform?Trademarks may perform different functions. In particular they * help consumers identify and distinguish products or services; * enable companies to differentiate between their products; * are a marketing tool and the basis for building a brand image and reputation; * may be licensed and provide a direct source of revenue through royalties; * are a crucial component of business assets; * encourage companies to invest in maintaining or improving quality products; and * may be useful for obtaining finance. . 5. How is a trademark protected? The most common and efficient way of protecting a trademark is to have it registered. 3. 6. 1. Requirements for Trademark Protection 3. 6. 2. 1. Inherent Distinctiveness This requirement is fundamental to the nature of trademark. Anything claiming protection under trademark principles must be capable of identifying the particular goods and services with which it is used, and distinguishing those goods and services from the goods and services of others in the marketplace.Categories (Distinctiveness Spectrum) of marks of generally increasing distinctiveness are (1) generic, (2) descriptive, (3) suggestive, and (4) arbitrary and fanciful marks. 3. 6. 2. 2. Acquired secondary meaning Provides for trademark protection of marks that are not inherently distinctive, descriptive marks usually rely upon special proof of distinctiveness before protection be afforded by common law and statute.Descriptive marks must be shown to have acquired customer recognition (secondary meaning), which serves primarily to identify the source of the products or services, and not merely to describe their nature, quality, characteristics, ingredients, or geographic origins. Generic marks constitute the very product and, therefore, cannot be registered or appropriated exclusively to one manufacturer’s use, even upon a showing of secondary meaning, because competition would be unjustifiably impaired. 3. 6. 2 . 3.Non functionality Trademark protection is granted to symbols or features that are not functional, protection of functional features would deprive producers of the right to use those features necessary to make a product work. Doctrine of functionality: if a feature is required to perform a particular utilitarian function, and if there are insufficient commercially viable alternatives to perform the same function equally well, no single producer will be allowed to claim exclusive rights in the feature. 3. 6.Trademarks are territorial rights This means that they must be registered separately in each country in which protection is desired. Note that, unless a given trademark is protected in a specific country, it can be freely used by third parties. Moreover, trademark protection is in general always limited to specific goods and services (unless the trademark in question is a well-known or famous trademark). This means that the same trademark can be used by different companies as l ong as it is used for dissimilar goods or services. . 7. Registration of Trademarks, at the appropriate trademark office Registration is not, however, the only way of protecting a trademark: unregistered trade marks are also protected in some countries, but in a less reliable form. Figure:The logo for the Wikipedia website, which is a registered trademark of Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 3. 8. Kind of protection provided by a trademark A trademark owner is given the exclusive rights: ) to use the trademark to identify his goods or services; 2) to prevent others from using and marketing the same or a similar trademark for the same or similar goods or services; 3) to authorize others to use the trademark, (e. g. by franchising or licensing agreements) and in return for payment. 3. 9. How is a trademark registered? First, an application for registration of a trademark must be filed with the appropriate national or regional trademark office. The application must contain a clear reproductio n of the sign filed for registration, including any colors, forms, or three-dimensional features.The application must also contain a list of goods or services to which the sign would apply. The sign must fulfill certain conditions in order to be protected as a trademark or another type of mark: * it must be distinctive, so that consumers can distinguish it as identifying a particular product, as well as from other trademarks identifying other products; * it must not be deceptive, that is, it should not be likely to mislead the consumers as to the nature or quality of the product; * it should not be contrary to public order or morality; it should not be identical or confusingly similar to an existing trademark. This may be determined through search and examination by the national office, or by the opposition of third parties who claim similar or identical rights. 3. 10. How long is a registered trademark protected for? The period of protection varies (it is usually 10 years), but a t rademark can be renewed indefinitely on payment of the corresponding fees. 3. 11. How extensive is trademark protection? Almost all countries in the world register and protect trademarks.Each national or regional office maintains a Register of Trademarks which contains full application information on all registrations and renewals, thereby facilitating examination, search, and potential opposition by third parties. The effects of such a registration are, however, limited to the country (or, in the case of a regional registration, countries) concerned. In order to avoid the need to register separately with each national or regional office, WIPO administers a system of international registration of marks. This system is governed by two treaties, the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International 3. 2. Registration of Marks, and the Madrid Protocol A person who has a link (through nationality, domicile, or establishment) with a country party to one or both of these treaties may, on the basis of a registration or application with the trademark office of that country, obtain an international registration having effect in some, or all of the Countries of the Madrid Union: 2. 12. 1. What are well-known marks and how are they protected? Well- known marks are marks that are considered to be well-known by the relevant sector of the public in the country in which protection is sought.Well-known marks benefit from stronger protection than marks in general. * they may be protected even if they are not registered in a given territory,and * they may be protected against confusingly similar marks that are used on dissimilar goods or services, whereas marks are generally protected against confusingly similar marks if used for identical or similar products. For example, let us consider a trademark such as Mercedes Benz. Normally the company that owns the trademark would be protected against unauthorized use of the mark by third parties with respect to the products for which the mark has been registered.To the extent that Mercedes Benz is a well-known trademark, protection would also be available for unrelated goods. So that if another company decides to use the trademark in relation to other goods such as, say, men’s underwear, it may be prevented from doing so. 3. 13. Sale , Transfer and licensing In various jurisdictions a trademark may be sold with or without the underlying goodwill which subsists in the business associated with the mark. However, this is not the case in the United States, where the courts have held that this would â€Å"be a fraud upon the public†. In the U. S. trademark registration can therefore only be sold and assigned if accompanied by the sale of an underlying asset. Examples of assets whose sale would ordinarily support the assignment of a mark include the sale of the machinery used to produce the goods that bear the mark, or the sale of the corporation (or subsidiary) that produces the trademarked goods. Most juri sdictions provide for the use of trademarks to be licensed to third parties. The licensor (usually the trademark owner) must monitor the quality of the goods being produced by the licensee to avoid the risk of trademark being deemed abandoned by the courts.A trademark license should therefore include appropriate provisions dealing with quality control, whereby the licensee provides warranties as to quality and the licensor has rights to inspection and monitoring. 3. 14. Domain name and it relation to trademarks Domain names are Internet addresses, and are commonly used to find websites. For example, the domain name â€Å"wipo. int† is used to locate the WIPO website at www. wipo. int. Domain names may be made up, sometimes, of a trademark.In such case, it may happen that the person who has registered the domain name has done it in bad faith, as he is not the owner of the trademark under which the domain name has been registered. This activity is referred to as Cyber squatting . It is important to know that many national laws, or courts, treat as trademark infringement the registration of the trademark of another company or person as a domain name. If this happens, the person who has chosen the trademark of another as a domain name may not only have to transfer or cancel the domain name, but may also have to pay damages or a heavy fine.It may be interesting for you to know that if the trademark of your company is being used as a domain name by another individual or company, you may take action to stop such misuse of the rights of your company. In such a case, an option would be to use WIPO’s online procedure for domain name dispute resolution at: arbiter. wipo. int/domains. This WIPO website includes a model complaint as well as legal index to the thousands of WIPO domain name cases that have already been decided. 3. 15. Why protect trademarks?The basic rationale for protecting trademarks, whether through registration or not, is two fold. * First, it provides business people with a remedy against unfair practices of competitors, which aim at causing confusion in the consumers’ minds by leading them to believe that they are acquiring the goods or services of the legitimate owner of the trademark, whereas in fact they are acquiring an imitated product, which furthermore may be of lesser quality. The legitimate owner may hence suffer from loss of potential customers, as well as harm to his own reputation. The second rationale flows from the first, namely to protect consumers from those unfair and misleading business practices. In addition to those two arguments, a further one is gaining more and more prominence. This is that a trademark is often the only tangible asset that represents the investments made in the building of a brand. Where, for example, a business is sold, or companies merge, the question of brand evaluation becomes an important issue. The value of companies may depend to a large extent on the value of the ir trademarks 3. 16. When has a trade mark been infringed?Figure: Trademark Infringement A registered trade mark is infringed by the unauthorized use of that mark, or a mark that is substantially identical or deceptively similar to it, A registered trademark is said to be infringed in the following circumstances: A registered trademark is said to be infringed in the following circumstances: * If a third party uses a trademark in the course of the trade which is identical with the registered trademark and in relation to goods or services which are identical with those for which it is registered.For example, in Wrangler Apparel Corporation v. Axfor Garments, Wrangler had filed a suit requesting that Axfor Garments be restrained from using the trademark â€Å"Wrangler† and the â€Å"W† stitch logo on its clothing including jeans, jackets, shirts and belts. Wrangler had registered its trademarks in Pakistan. The Court passed an order of injunction against the Defendant and restrained them from using Wrangler? s trademarks on any of its products. If a third party uses, in the course of trade, a mark which is identical with the registered trademark and is used in relation to goods or services similar to the goods or services for which the trademark is registered or the mark is deceptively similar to the registered trademark and is used in relation to goods or services identical with or similar to the goods or services for which the trademark is registered or if there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of public, which includes the likelihood of association with the trademark; * If a third party uses in the course of trade, a mark which is identical or deceptively similar to, the trademark in relation to goods or services of the same description as that of goods or services in respect of which the trademark is registered, services that are closely related to goods in respect of which trademark is registered or goods that are closely related to services in respect of which the trademark is registered; * If a third party uses in the course of trade, a mark which is identical or deceptively similar to, the trademark in relation to goods or services of the same description as that of goods or ervices in respect of which the trademark is registered, services that are closely related to goods in respect of which trademark is registered or goods that are closely related to services in respect of which the trademark is registered; If the third party uses the registered trademark as his domain name or part of his domain name or obtains such domain name without consent of the proprietor of the registered trademark and with the intention of selling such domain name to another person including the proprietor of the registered trademark; 3. 1. International Trend Of Trademark Law It is important to note that although there are systems which facilitate the filing, registration or enforcement of trademark rights in more than one jurisd iction on a regional or global basis (e. g. he Madrid and CTM systems), it is currently not possible to file and obtain a single trademark registration which will automatically apply around the world. Like any national law, trademark laws apply only in their applicable country or jurisdiction, a quality which is sometimes known as â€Å"territoriality† 3. 1. 1. Paris Convention (relating to the protection of industrial property) The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (â€Å"Paris Convention† or just â€Å"Convention†) is one of the first, and arguably most important, of the various multilateral treaties protecting intellectual property. The treaty will not be discussed exhaustively here; commentaries on the treaty should be consulted to obtain additional information.The following, however, is a list of the major relevant articles of the treaty: * member states protect the trademark rights and other industrial property rights of other memb er states (art. 2); * each member state must maintain the fundamental principle that citizens of other member states receive the same protection as its own citizens (art. 2); and * member states must recognize the assertion of priority rights (art. 4). The articles that are particularly relevant to the trademark law include: * remedies for cases in which registered trademarks are not used, including sanctions (art. 5); * independent status of the trademark law (art. 6); * of well-known trademarks (art. 6, sec. 2); adjustment regulations on the transfer of trademark rights (art. 6, sec. 4); * regulations on trademarks registered in a foreign country (art. 6, sec. 5, the so called â€Å"telle quelle† trademark system) * protection of service marks (art. 6, sec, 6); * regulations controlling applications for trademark registration made by an agent, among others, without permission of the applicant (art. 6, sec. 7); * removal of trademark registration limitations based on the dis position of the goods (art. 7); * of collective trademarks (art. 7, sec. 2); * control of the importation of counterfeit goods (art. 9); * control of fraudulent indications of country origin (art. 0); * prohibition of acts of unfair competition (art. 10, sec. 2); * legal measures to prevent counterfeit goods and others (art. 10, sec. 3); and * temporary protection of goods exhibited in international expos (art. 11)11. There are 151 member states as of January 15, 1999 (WIPO, Industrial Property and Copyright, January 1999), demonstrating that most major countries in the world have joined the treaty. 3. 1. 2. Madrid system for the international registration of marks Madrid system for the international registration of marks (the Madrid system) established in 1891 functions under the Madrid Agreement (1891), and the Madrid Protocol (1989).It is administered by the International Bureau of WIPO located in Geneva, Switzerland. The Madrid system offers a trademark owner the possibility to have his trademark protected in several countries by simply filing one application directly with his own national or regional trademark office. An international mark so registered is equivalent to an application or a registration of the same mark effected directly in each of the countries designated by the applicant. If the trademark office of a designated country does not refuse protection within a specified period, the protection of the mark is the same as if it had been registered by that Office.The Madrid system also simplifies greatly the subsequent management of the mark, since it is possible to record subsequent changes or to renew the registration through a single procedural step 3. 1. 3. WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement) is the Uruguay Round agreement covering the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. Intellectual property r ights were a key area of concern for the United States during the Uruguay Round negotiations. From the perspective of the United States, the TRIPs Agreement was a major achievement of the Uruguay Round.The TRIPs Agreement incorporates by reference most of the substantive provisions of two earlier multilateral IPR conventions: the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1967)(covering patents, trademarks, trade names, utility models, industrial designs and unfair competition) and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1971) (covering copyrights). 3. 1. 3. 1. TRIPs Agreement and Trademarks TRIPs Agreement incorporates the substantive obligations of Articles 1 through 12 and Article 19 of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1967). The TRIPs Agreement mandates protection for both trademarks and service marks. * Trademarks and service marks must have a minimum term of seven years and must be renewable indefi nitely. Article 18) * Restrictions on cancellation of trademark registrations for non-use: â€Å"If use is required to maintain a registration, the registration may be cancelled only after an uninterrupted period of at least three years of non-use, unless valid reasons based on the existence of obstacles to such use are shown by the trademark owner. Circumstances arising independently of the will of the owner of the trademark which constitute an obstacle to the use of the trademark, such as import restrictions on or other government requirements for goods or services protected by the trademark, shall be recognized as valid reasons for non-use. † (Article 19. ) * The TRIPs Agreement states that the owner of a registered trademark has the â€Å"exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having the owner’s consent from using in the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which the tradem ark is registered where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion. † (Article 16. 1) * Parallel importation (unauthorized importation of genuine trademarked products): * Except with respect to the National Treatment and Most Favored Nations obligations in Articles 3 and 4, parallel importation (â€Å"exhaustion of intellectual roperty rights†) is not subject to dispute resolution under the TRIPs Agreement (TRIPs Article 6). * Enhanced Protection for â€Å"well-known† marks: â€Å"In determining whether a trademark is well-known, Members shall take account of the knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector of the public, including knowledge in the Member concerned which has been obtained as a result of the promotion of the trademark. † (Article 16. 2) * Under the Paris Convention (which is generally incorporated by reference into the TRIPs Agreement), well-known marks are entitled to protection in all Paris Convention/TRIPs Members, regardles s of whether the mark is registered. For an interesting discussion of the general issue of when an unregistered well-known mark must be protected see the decision by the Supreme Court of Sout Africa, Appellate Division, in McDonald’s Corporation v. Joburgers Drive-Inn Restaurant (PTY) Limited, Case No. 547/95, August 27, 1996. ) 3. 1. 4. Trademark Law Treaty The Trademark Law Treaty establishes a system pursuant to which member jurisdictions agree to standardize procedural aspects of the trademark registration process. It is not necessarily respective of rules within individual countries. 4. 1. Trademark Law In Pakistan The first trademark law in Pakistan was passed in 1940 and was known as the Trade Marks Act, 1940.Thereafter in order to comply with its international obligations, the Government of Pakistan decided to amend and consolidate the law relating to trademarks and unfair competition to provide for registration, better protection of trademarks, and the prevention of infringement. Therefore, the President of Pakistan passed the Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001. Trademark law in Pakistan is presently governed by the Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001 and the Trade Marks Rules, 2004. The trademark law in Pakistan requires no evidence of prior use of the mark in commerce for filing. A trademark application can be filed on a „proposed to be used? or „intent-to-use? basis or based on use of the mark in commerce.The Trade Marks Registry, which is under the administrative control of Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan, is the office that is in charge of registering trademarks in Pakistan. A trademark registration in Pakistan gives exclusive proprietary rights to the rights holder for protection of their trademark in Pakistan. However because the Pakistani legal system is a common law system, even an unregistered trademark is entitled to protection and the rights holder of the unregistered trademark can initiate action against a third party u nder the „law of passing off. 4. 1. 1. Internationalisation Of Trade Marks In Pakistan Pakistani trademark law protects both domestic and foreign trademarks. Over the past several years, many foreign entities have been able to protect their trademarks in Pakistan.The first milestone observation recognizing internationalisation of trade mark came in 1979 from the Honourable Sindh High Court in a case where the court, while protecting an international trademark, observed, â€Å"The conduct of the respondent in appropriating trade marks of foreign owners is not proper†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It is common knowledge that trade in French perfumery is of international character. With the revival of International Trade and international publicity, the rights of owners of foreign Trade Marks ought to receive some safeguard unless it is clear from the evidence that the foreign owners have abandoned their intention of marketing their products under the mark in this country. The above trend was fo rtified when Honorable Supreme Court of Pakistan in the case of Alpha Sewing Machine approved the following observation of Honourable Lahore High Court, â€Å"With the proliferation of means of communication media the names and products of world renowned big companies are catching the eyes and ears of the public at large in all civilized countries of the world and Pakistan is no exception. Extensive traveling abroad in the recent past has made it possible for the people of Pakistan to have knowledge of the internationally renowned companies and their products†. It was held in Morphy Richards case â€Å"an enactment on Trade Marks is essentially an international statute, catering to national and international sensibilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We are living in an information age where the Earth has veritably become a global village†.In a case the High Court of Karachi granted an interim injunction restraining the Defendant from using the internationally well-known mark MARS on soft drinks. This injunction was granted despite the fact that Pakistan Mineral Water Bottling Plant (Pvt. ) Ltd. had registered the trademark MARS with the Trade Marks Registry. While the Courts in Pakistan had given due regard and recognition to internationalization of trade, they were quick to prevent the abuses by unscrupulous persons attempting to take advantage of globalization and the absence of specific statutory provisions at the relevant time. This was the result of judicial interpretation of relevant provisions relating to Intellectual Property laws and the general concept of civil law.Thus in 1988, the Honourable High Court of Sindh in the Sulemanji case, rejected an argument that an infringing product manufactured in Pakistan but to be sold in a foreign country would not violate the local law and no injunction could be issued. The Court, while rejecting this argument held at â€Å"†¦the product of the plaintiffs as well as of the defendants is exported to Middle East and Arabian Gulf countries. The deception would be caused upon the ultimate purchasers in the market and retail shops in the foreign countries. Admittedly the wrappers of the defendants are printed in Pakistan and, after the goods of the defendants are packed in such wrappers, such goods are exported for sale in foreign countries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The action for injunction restraining the defendants from using the said mark is, therefore apparently maintainable in this Court. Similar was the Select Sports case, where Honourable Lahore High Court held, â€Å"The goods of the appellant company are sold in the International Market and if due to any reason goods of substandard quality are supplied to the International Market by any other user of the similar design, it would ultimately adversely affect the goodwill and the business of the appellant company. On the other hand, in the case of imports into Pakistan of infringing products, a Division Bench of the Honourable High Co urt of Sindh in the case Glaxo Vs. Evron, held, â€Å"If a person, in making a product overseas uses processes which would be infringing processes here, those processes being a principal part of the manufacture and then imports the article into this country, he is guilty of an infringement. The reason is because, by using those processes overseas and bringing the product here to sell, he deprives the Pakistani Patentee of the benefit of the invention. Globalization thrives on honesty of business practices. Judgments delivered by the Pakistani courts on intellectual property rights, particularly relating to adoption of marks, marketing of novel (inventive) products or copyrighted subject matter show that considerations for honesty of intention have been pivotal to such judgments. Thus in the case the Honourable Supreme Court of Pakistan held: â€Å"†¦. although the appellant has not been selling its products in Pakistan because of import restrictions, this does not entitle the respondent to copy the appellant’s trade mark, because by doing so it is deceiving the public into thinking that its products are products of the appellant. In the same case, the Honourable Supreme Court approved the following findings by the High Court: â€Å"Clearly, if the adoption of a trade mark by an appellant is proved to be dishonest, no amount of user of the trade mark by him can justify registration †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ † The above judgments by Pakistani Courts came at times when International community was debating consensus on the issues affecting global intellectual property rights, which culminated in the TRIPs Agreement only in 1994. This is reflective of the consistent pragmatic and futuristic approach of the Pakistani Courts in matters relating to intellectual property rights. Licensing Of Trade MarksOne of the oldest ways of globalizing Intellectual Property Rights is through licensing of Intellectual Property. This is also the most commonly used wa y of commercializing Intellectual Property on the global scene. Unless the countries an effective platform enabling the licensing contracts to be entered into and worked out, as well as ensure that the termination of such contracts can be done without difficulty, no productive growth of global commercialization of products incorporating one or more forms of Intellectual Property Rights is possible. As far as licensing of Intellectual Property Rights is concerned, Pakistani courts have so far adopted a rational, pro-active and confidence building approach in adjudicating the rights.Thus in the cases of Bolan Beverages the Honourable Supreme Court, upheld the rights of the owners of trademarks to terminate license agreements. , while in the cases of Concentrate Mfg. Co. , vs. Seven-up Bottling and Roomi Enterprises vs. Stafford Miller, the Honourable High Courts also upheld the rights of the owners of trademarks to terminate license agreements. 4. 2. Market Entry Planning Though Pakis tan has passed laws protecting the intellectual property rights (IPR) of rights holders, its enforcement and implementation of these laws remains a matter of grave concern for rights holders. It is therefore imperative that businesses develop a comprehensive strategy for protecting their IPR and take steps to safeguard their rights before they enter the Pakistani market.Registration of trademarks is an important step that businesses should pursue in Pakistan. Many foreign and domestic rights holders have been able to successfully register their marks in Pakistan. 4. 3. 1. Who can apply and what can be registered Under the Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001, a person who is the proprietor of the trademark can apply for the registration of their marks for goods as well as services. Any word, signature, name, logo, label, numerals or combination of colors used by one enterprise on goods or services can be registered as a trademark in Pakistan. Under the Pakistani trademark law the following a re the types of trademarks that can be registered: * Product mark: a mark that is affixed to identify goods. Mark: a mark used to identify the services of an entity, such as the trademark for a broadcasting service, retail outlet, etc. They are used in advertising the services. * Certification mark: a mark indicating that the goods or services in connection with which it is used are certified by the proprietor of the mark in respect of origin, mode of manufacture of goods or performance of services, quality, accuracy, or other characteristics. * Collective mark: a mark distinguishing the goods or services of members of the association which is the proprietor of the mark from those of other undertakings. * Geographical indications can also be protected in Pakistan as certification or collective trademarks. 4. 3. 2. What cannot be registered?The following are the types of marks that cannot be registered in Pakistan: * Which are not capable of being represented graphically and are unab le to distinguish goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings; * Which are devoid of any distinctive character; * Which consist exclusively of marks or indications which designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended purpose, value, geographical origin, the time of production of goods or of rendering of services, or other characteristics of goods or services; * Which consist exclusively of marks or indications which have become customary in the language or in the established practices of the trade; * Which consist exclusively of the shape which results from the nature of the goods themselves, the shape of oods which is necessary to obtain a technical result or the shape which gives substantial value to the goods; * Which consists of, or contains, any scandalous design, or any matter the use of which would be disentitled to protection in the High Courts or District Courts by reasons of it being likely to deceive or to cause confusion, is likely to hurt the religious sensibilities of any class of citizens of Pakistan, or is contrary to any prevailing law or morality; * The application for registration of which has been made in bad faith; * A word that is a commonly used and accepted name of any single chemical element or any single chemical compound in respect of a chemical substance or preparation or which is declared by the World Health Organization and notified in the prescribed manner by the Registrar from time to time, as an international non-proprietary name or which is deceptively similar to such name; * The national flag or any other State Emblem of a country which is a signatory to the Paris Convention (hereinafter known as „Convention country? shall not be registered without the authorization of the competent authorities of that country, unless it appears to the Registrar that use of the flag in the manner proposed is permitted without such authorization; * Which consists of, or contains, official mark or hallmark adopt ed by a Convention country shall not be registered in relation to goods or services of the same or a similar kind as those in relation to which it indicates control and warranty; * Which consists of or contains such emblem, abbreviations or name of an international organization that is protected under the Paris Convention. 4. 3. 3. Registration Procedure In case of an identical trademark being filed by two different applicants where the date of use in commerce is identical or if applications for the registration of both marks have been filed on an „intent-to-use? asis, the Applicant who files the trademark application first with the Pakistan Trade Marks Registry will have priority. It is therefore important to apply for registration of your mark as soon as possible. The registration of a trademark in Pakistan typically takes about two to three years, assuming that the trademark is not opposed by a third party. The Trade Marks Registry is the appropriate office for filing a tra demark application in Pakistan. Trademark applications can be filed either at the Karachi office or at the branch office of the Trade Marks Registry in Lahore. The different steps that are involved in the registration process in Pakistan are as follows: * Select a trademark agent/attorney in Pakistan, The trademark law in Pakistan allows the proprietor to file a trademark application only if they have a place of business in Pakistan. Should that not be the case, the rights holder will be required to file an application through a trademark agent/attorney. The trademark agent/attorney can do trademark searches and prepare, file, and prosecute applications, * To determine if the mark is eligible and available for registration, * The trademark agent will determine if the trademark is eligible for registration and also conduct clearance searches to determine if there is any deceptively similar mark that already exists on the Register of Trade Marks.It is advisable to conduct a common law search to ascertain if there are any third parties that might already be using the trademark, * Completing the application form and filing, The trademark agent can complete and sign the application form, provided that the rights holder has issued a signed power of attorney appointing them as the trademark agent. The details which must be mentioned in the trademark application are the full name and address of the Applicant, a statement of goods or services in relation to which it is sought to register the trademark, the international classification of goods or services, a representation of the trademark and the full name, address and contact details of the agent, in case the application. The application should also mention if the trademark is being used by the Applicant, or with his consent, in relation to goods or services, or if he has a good faith intention that it will be used. After the application has been filed, the Trade Marks Registry reviews it to ensure that it is complet e in all respects and thereafter allots an application number to the applications. If the trademark is registered, the application number becomes the registration number. * During the process of examination, the Trade Marks Registry determines if the trademark is barred from registration either under absolute grounds for refusal and/or relative grounds (prior trademark rights) as prescribed in the Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001. The Trade Marks Registry will issue an examination report and the Applicant must respond to any objections that have been raised in the examination report within the prescribed period.Thereafter and based on the response to the examination report that has been filed by the Applicant, the Registrar of Trade Marks determines if the application should be refused, accepted for advertisement, accepted subject to certain limitations or put up for a â€Å"show cause† hearing, during which the application might be accepted, rejected, or accepted subject to certa in limitations. Advertised before acceptance under section 28 (1) Ordinance 2001. | Registration of this trade mark shall give no right to the exclusive use of word made in Pakistan. | 273130 – 25 Footwear including shoes, boots, slippers ; sandals. Kashif Mahmood Tarar, Trading as, KIRAN TRADING CORPORATION Proprietor Pakistani, 4 Tape Road, Opp. University of Vaternary Sciences, Lahore,PK 06/10/2009.Shahs Registration Law Chamber 15- Edward (Mauj Darya) Road, Saleemi Chambers, Lahore-54000. | 4. 3. 4. Issuance Of Registration Certificte Within two months of the publication of the trademark in the Trade Marks Journal, should the trademark not be opposed by a third party, it will be accepted. Thereafter a Demand Notice is issued to the Applicant requesting him to pay the requisite registration fee. After the Applicant has paid the relevant registration fee, the registration certificate is issued. Below is the chart depicting the complete procedure for registration as is follo wed by the Trade Marks Registry in Pakistan. 4. 3. 5. Term of Trademark RegistrationTrademark protection in Pakistan is perpetual, subject to renewal of the registration every 10 years. The application for the renewal of a trademark can be filed 6 months before the expiration of the term of registration. 5. 1. Infringement ; Enforcement Remedies The Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001 provides for both civil and criminal remedies 5. 1. 1. Civil Litigation: A suit can be initiated either under the â€Å"law of passing off† or infringement under the Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001 depending on whether the trademark is unregistered, pending registration, or registered. The suit can be filed either at the High Court or at the District Court.The complaint filed by the rights holder should demonstrate that the alleged infringing act involves a mark that is identical or similar to a trademark of the rights holder. It should also specify that the representation of the trademark that is being use d in connection with goods or services might confuse the public regarding the origin of the infringing goods/services and that the this act of the infringer has interfered with the trademark holder's rights of exclusive use or has caused the rights holder economic loss. The rights holder can request the Court to grant an order of injunction, damages and delivery of infringing goods, materials or articles.Moreover, where a person is found to have infringed a registered trademark, the Court may make an order to cause the offending trademark to be erased, removed or obliterated from any infringing goods, materials or articles in his possession, custody or control or to secure the destruction of the infringing goods, materials or articles if it is not reasonably practicable for the offending mark to be erased, removed or obliterated. The Sindh High Court in a case confirmed an order of interim injunction against the Defendants and restrained them from using the trademark SHAN as it was a colorable imitation of the Plaintiff? s trademark AALI SHAN and stated that â€Å"the registration of trademark is not meant for the benefit of the trader only but also protects the public-at-large and its main object is to secure free enjoyment of the right of manufacturing and marketing of one? products and also to save general public from being deceived by the acts of unscrupulous manufacturers and sellers of goods bearing the fake trademark of others. For maintaining the purity of the trademark and for safeguarding the interest of the public, it is the duty of the Court to put restraint on use of another? s trademark by a person like the defendant; who is not entitled to use it. 5. 1. 2. Criminal Litigation The trademark law in Pakistan provides for criminal remedies in case of violation of a rights holder? s trademark. A criminal action can be initiated by filing a written complaint in the police station within whose jurisdiction infringement has taken place.After the procee dings have been initiated, the court may pass search and seizure warrants under which the premises of the infringer can be raided and the infringing goods seized. Should an infringer be found guilty of violating the rights holder? s trademark, he may be liable for imprisonment or fine or both. An infringer can be imprisoned for a maximum of three years with a maximum fine of PKR 50,000 (approximately $630 USD) under the Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001. In addition, the court has the authority to order the seizure, forfeiture, and destruction of infringing goods. Though provisions for criminal sentences exist in the Pakistani trademark law, such sentences are rare. 6. 1.International Trademark Treaties to which Pakistan is a Signatory * The World Trade Organization (WTO)Agreement, since 1995 * Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property * Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 7. 1. Conclusion The subject of a trademark right may be desc ribed as an intellectual product or intangible property. However, its purpose is not for cultural advancement, as is a copyright. It is a kind of â€Å"industrial property† and its contribution is for â€Å"industrial purposes† (protection of users). The protection of industrial property focuses on patents, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks, service marks, trade names, indications of source or appellations of origin, and the repression of unfair competition. (Paris Convention, Article 1, Paragraph 2). A trademark right is one of the â€Å"industrial properties. The term, â€Å"industrial properties†, is usually used narrowly and indicates the rights covered by the four main laws; namely, the Patent Law, the Utility Model Law, the Design Law and the Trademark Law. A broad definition of â€Å"industrial properties includes various rights covered by the trade name provisions in the Commercial Code and the Unfair Competition Prevention Law. Trade Mark s are important aspects of legal practice under the of Intellectual Property Law. It is important for legal practitioners to acquaint themselves with this aspect since it is clear that for a very long time to come, trademarks will continue to play an important role in our society.New companies and business enterprises shall be formed and new products and services will be brought into the market by such new companies or by the existing companies; the legal has to position him self or herself to tap into this growing area. As it is now, there are still many business enterprises especially the local ones who have yet to grasp the importance of protecting their trademarks and service marks. Most institutions including universities, colleges4, hospitals, schools and many others have their own identity, badges or motto. This needs to be protected so that in the event of infringement, one may have recourse by bringing a claim on infringement against anyone who makes profits from where he h as not sown.Pakistan is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and a signatory to the TRIPs Agreement. The regime of intellectual property laws in Pakistan is well established and goes back to the early twentieth century. The legal system in the country provides for adequate protection to the trade mark and design owners and those owners who pursue the legal remedies aggressively and pro-actively are able to control the menace of counterfeiting by due process of law. www. worldtrademarklawreport. com ABBREVIATIONS FTA Free Trade Area HIV/AIDS Human Immune Virus ILO International Labour Organisation IMF International Monetary Fund IPRs Intellectual Property Rights LDC Least Developed CountryOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SADC Southern African Development Community SAP Structural Adjustment Programmes TRIPs Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights UNCTAD United Nations Conference for Trade and Development WB World Bank WTO World Trade Organisatio n ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Hereinafter, â€Å"trademark for goods† will be referred to as â€Å"trademarks,† and â€Å"trademark of services† will be referred to as â€Å"service marks† [ 3 ]. Schechter, The Historical Foundations of the Law Relating to Trade-Marks (New York: Columbia, 1925). [ 4 ]. Merchants marks were simple and formed merely linear designs, for example [ 5 ].Schechter, The Historical Foundations of the Law Relating to Trade-Marks (New York: Columbia, 1925). [ 6 ]. The U. S. federal government has the power to regulate the military, foreign affairs, and postal services, among others. However, art. 1, section 8, clause 8 of the U. S. Constitution states only that patents and copyrights fall under the federal power, and does not mention trademarks. Thus, the Supreme Court argued that the federal government did not have the power to regul ate trademarks. [ 7 ]. http://www. ipo. org(accessed on 24/11/2012) [ 8 ]. http://www. wipo. int/about-wipo(accessed on 24/11/2012) [ 9 ]. Trade Marks Ordinance, 2001 [ 10 ].Trademarks designed by Chermayeff & Geismar (Chermayeff, Geismar,& Geissbuhler, 2000) [ 11 ]. Katherine L. Spencer,Evaluating Trademark Design,P. 08 [ 12 ]. http://www. wipo. int/about-wipo(accessed on 28/11/2012) [ 13 ]. Katherine L. Spencer,Evaluating Trademark Design,P. 09 [ 14 ]. http://cyber. law. harvard. edu/metaschool/fisher/domain/tm. htm:article, Overview of Trademark Law [ 15 ]. ibid [ 16 ]. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation(accessed on 25/11/2012) [ 17 ]. www. wipo. int-wipo(accessed on 28/11/2012) [ 18 ]. ibid [ 19 ]. www. wipo. int-wipo ( accessed on 28/11/2012) [ 20 ]. www. madridprotocol. info/internationaltrademarkprotection. html(accessed on 30/11/2012) [ 21 ]. html http://cyber. law. arvard. edu/metaschool/fisher/domain/tm. htm:article, Overview of Trademark Law [ 22 ]. ibid [ 23 ]. ibid [ 24 ]. ibid [ 25 ]. www. wipo. int(accessed on 30/11/2012) [ 26 ]. http://blogs-images. forbes. com/davidvinjamuri/files/2012/09/Dr-Publix-287Ãâ€"3001. jpg (accessed on 28/11/2012) [ 27 ]. Wrangler Apparel Corporation v. Axfor Garments {2008 C L D (70)}, [ 28 ]. Commentary On The Paris Convention For The Protection Of Industrial Property, Seth M. ReissLex-IP. com Honolulu, Hawaii, United States [ 29 ]. http://www. wipo. int/treaties/en/ip/paris/trtdocs_wo020. html(accessed on 28/11/2012) [ 30 ]. www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm0_e. tm(accessed on 01/12/2012) [ 31 ]. World Trade Organisation Web-site: http://www. wto. org [ 32 ]. www. worldtrademarklawreport. com(accessed on 18/11/2012) [ 33 ]. Societe De Fabrication v. Deputy Registrar of Trademarks and another, PLD 1979 Kar 83 [ 34 ]. Alpha Sewing Machine v. Registrar of Trademarks and another, PLD 1990 SC 1074 [ 35 ]. Morphy Richards Ltd v. Registrar of Trademark and another, 1992 MLD 2506 [ 36 ]. Mars I ncorporated v. Pakistan Mineral Water Bottling Plant (Pvt. ) Ltd. {2001 M L D 39} [ 37 ]. PLD 1988 Kar 569 [ 38 ]. Ibid581 [ 39 ]. PLD 1998 Lah 69 [ 40 ]. Glaxo Vs. Evron,1992 CLC 2382 [ 41 ]. Cooper’s Incorporated Vs.Pakistan General Stores, 1981 SCMR 1039 [ 42 ]. Ibid 1044 [ 43 ]. Bolan Beverages vs. Pepsico Inc. , (2004 CLD 1530 [ 44 ]. Concentrate Mfg. Co. , vs. Seven-up Bottling (2002 CLD 77) [ 45 ]. Roomi Enterprises vs. Stafford Miller (2005 CLD 1805 (DB)) [ 46 ]. www. ipo. gov. pk(accessed on 12/12/2021) [ 47 ]. ibid [ 48 ]. http://www. ipo. gov. pk/Trademark/TrademarkForms. aspx(accessed on 12/12/2012) [ 49 ]. The Trade Marks Journal (No. 734 March 1, 2012 [ 50 ]. ibid [ 51 ]. http://www. ipo. gov. pk/Trademark/Downloads/TM-rules%202004. pdf(accessed on 28/11/2012) [ 52 ]. http://www. ipo. gov. pk(accessed on 12/12/2012) [ 53 ]. Sikander Sultan v. Masih Ahmed Shaikh{2003 C L D (26)}