Lack of parking in asu campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lack of parking in asu campus - Essay Example The university receives over 2000 visitors a day. The parking space cannot accommodate all vehicles hoping to park on the campus. Students park outside the university premises in order to reduce the problem of congestion and high parking fee. They park at a distance of 15 minutes to 1hour’s walk to campus. Some of the students are now forced not to come with their vehicles to school. I propose ASU to reduce the cost of campus parking and provide additional parking. Different plans have been laid down to solve fee payment of the vehicle. Generally, the students of ASU should not be involved in paying the parking fee. The university authority has also tried to solve the problem through instituting fines on those who fail to pay the parking fee, putting up more buildings and shades for parking. I think that there is no need for raising fee payment for parking to the students of the ASU since the university should cater for their issues. Parking the vehicles outside the campus compound is not safe for parking since it is risky (Todd Web). I therefore, wish that the institution should reduce payment fees to the students than to the visitors. However, there is no need for the campus students to pay for the parking fee since they are entitled to use the campus resources simply because they pay the fee. ASU entered in to a contract with a private developer to begin constructing a hotel and a conference centre on Mill Avenue and University Drive (Arizona State University Web). This was done in order to create more space for students’ recreation and parking. Parking and Transit Services was established to curb the complex parking situation at the campus. The regulations are published and made law in all the premises of ASU for easy utilisation of the parking spaces (Yara Web). The university authority assigned the duty of providing parking areas on the campus, imposing fines and collection of

Organizational Change Models Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Change Models - Research Paper Example In any of the cases, better management is the key to achieving the desired goal. Organization development aims at increasing the effectiveness and productivity of a business through the employment of different strategies (Nelson, 2011). This will include the different techniques that help workers and the organization as a whole to cope with the changing environment for a better performance of the institution. This will thus enable firms to achieve their goals and meet the laid objectives faster. The importance of transformation in the modern environment practically assures that organizations which do not transform will rapidly becomeâ€Å"corporate dinosaurs†, headed for destruction since they no longer fit the current environment (Kates & Galbraith, 2007). To manage the change, leadership, worker involvement and incentives that aid to overcome resistance to change are the key focus. The concept of organizational change is one of the key elements that determine whether businesses survive and strive well in the market. The world is increasingly changing and this calls for firms to employ measures to easily cope with the changing environment. There are those short term and long term measures that need to be employed for effective change to be witnessed by an organization. It is a three phase model that was invented by Kurt Lewin. The Lewin’s Three-step Change Model functions as a short term strategy to cope with the changing market. It focuses on three major steps: unfreezing- moving and refreezing as shown in the figure below. In this stage, the organization is prepared for change. It involves identifying any resisting forces for the change ready to be implemented. This will be helpful according to the Lewin’s model in identifying mechanisms for change which will strive even with the resistance (Miner, 2011). Unless there is motivation for change in an organization, development would not take its

Gender Issues in the Workplace

Gender Issues in the Workplace Introduction This paper seeks to define what is meant by gender issues in the workplace in relation to underlying tensions, indirect prejudice and unfair practices which often are perceived but continue without full recognition or sufficient direct management of the problem. It proposes to question pre conceived notions of success based on qualities such as ability and skill and rather seeks to uncover the more tacit business environment; known but never fully appreciated in relation to career advancement and company progression. A number of conflicting theories proposed by both feminist scholars and male business analysts exist on this subject which makes it both a complicated and contentious discussion. It is also one that can justify the way in which workplace failings and successes can be interpreted from a number of angles where gender bias is concerned; politically, psychologically, socially and academically. Typically gender inequality is a much deeper perception involving social hierarchys and preconceived notions of what men and women are capable of in terms of leadership and management. It is important to distinguish what is traditionally meant by advantage and disadvantage in an organizational setting and in the context of gender. Some examples might include; an employer may not hire, promote or wrongfully terminate an employee based on his or her gender, or that an employers pay is unequally based on gender, some employers show discrimination towards pregnant female workers, female employees are passed over for promotion in favour of more junior, less-qualified male co-workers. (Sahu, 2009) However looking at discrimination in its broader sense there is a widely held argument that as white and male it is easy to become invisible in society; to go unacknowledged and unrecognized, but once visible as a consequence of being labeled as say black, homosexual, a woman†¦individuals ca n adopt a greater empowerment just by being different (Robinson, 2000, Phelan, 2008, Haraway, 1999) In 1994 a popular American journal, Business Week published an article which stipulated; White, male and worried: White men still dominate corporate America. But in companies with aggressive diversity programs they are beginning to feel angry and resentful. What should companies do? (Burke and Black, 1997: 933-942) From such theorizing it is possible to engage with the notion that perhaps by being ‘invisible this can perpetuate both political and social exclusion. World Modern History since the 1960s has witnessed the rise of Civil Rights, womens liberation, gay liberation and a more growing acceptance of diversity has resulted in the decentralization of the white male (Robinson,2000 :2) and a culmination of all these things could be attributed to a crisis in masculinity of sorts. In contrast Virginia Schein et al propose that men and women do not lead or manage any differently in the work environment, but that they are perceived in different ways and that effectiveness as a male in a leadership role is something which is automatically attributed to them. Whereas women who exhibit the same behaviours as men are not judged as being as authoritative or having the same skills, because this is what we traditionally perceive inherently about men and women. (Sinclair, 2005:25) And just as peopl e can make themselves invisible in the work environment, so too can they make themselves visible. Being ‘visible represents a tangible ‘surface state, one in which someone can be seen to be visibly being excluded or different. At a deeper more conceptual level then there is a power to become ‘invisible, often as a consequence of trying to attain the male norm. (Simpson and Lewis, 2005:1253-1275) Caution however must be exacted when considering these theories which could also be used as a means to essentially make excuses for racist or prejudice practices in the workplace. (Pierce, 2003:53-70) Other theorists of invisibility consider this to be a covert way of preventing either women or black co-workers to progress. That the ‘backlash felt by white male men is actually a means to subjugate ‘minorities in the work place even further. Scholars such as Nicholson conform to theories such as the Patriarchal culture which is instilled in men and women through a process of socialization from a very early age. For example that men are better than women in sport, or that men make better surgeons etc. (Nicolson, 1996:108) There is a definite counter-argument where some previous traditional theories of invisibility have evolved. For example some research determines that men have become to think of themselves as being without gender, largely because they are oblivious to, or choose to ignore that invisibility generates inequality. Thus the invisibility of gender experienced by men generates the inequalities that are constrained by gender. That essentially many men are in possession; for whatever reason, of a number of structural privileges and power within the organizations that they work in and that by confronting their participation in maintaining inequality between themselves and women, that they should take responsibility for liberating themselves rather than blaming their problems on women. (McKay, 1997:11) Many men continue to disregard the notion of male privilege creating an invisibility of the problem itself. The more this invisibility is encouraged the more gender problems will continue to esc alate. (Johnson, 2005:157) Basically there is a strong argument to suggest the very fact that men in the workplace are perpetuating patriarchy and gender inequality, is because they are in denial of it and therefore the problem itself becomes invisible. Issues remain across all ‘minority workplace discriminations. Barriers continue to exist despite western laws on equal opportunities and fair working practices. Essentially there should be no barriers to succeeding. And yet for black, disabled, gay, women or other traditionally marginalized workers there continues to be a significant problem where acquiring progressive job positions exists, indicating that there are a number of unseen issues and opinions being made below the surface and continue to remain invisible. (Hesse-Biber and Carter, 2005:75-78) A recent research study of female engineers in the work environment was conducted in an attempt to illuminate this complex ‘in/visibility paradox. The women engineers could be seen to be at once both ‘visible as women but ‘invisible as engineers. This contradiction then adds yet another element to the discussion, but also helps to explain why it is difficult to retain women in engineering roles. Their ‘invisibility as engineers can be attributed to the fact that they require considerable effort to be taken seriously in this particular job, thus undermining their overall confidence. As ‘visible women they face enormous contradictory pressures to ‘become one of the lads, whilst maintaining their femininity and these in/visibility dynamics get taken for granted at the same time as building a cumulative and problematic outcome, not least because they are subtle and taken for granted. (Faulkner, 2009:169-189) Similarly another recent relevant journal article relays the findings of a small-scale project which involved a study of men who moved over into what has traditionally been considered ‘womens work. One immediate outcome apparent in all ten men was experiencing the challenges of feeling emasculated and having their masculinity queried in a number of ways and in a variety of situations. The way in which the men managed these challenges is particularly interesting as they all attempted to maintain their masculinity and their traditional persona associated with masculinity by distancing themselves from their female co-workers. (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002:204-226) Thus potentially making themselves ‘invisible to the situation. This provides some further interesting light on the notion of visibility and invisibility in organizational structures. That men resolutely continue to re-enforce their gender and identity regardless of whether it is challenged or not, but in such a way that they make themselves invisible in the process. Might this then suggest that men will go to any lengths to maintain their dominant gender, even when they are performing those roles traditionally considered ‘womens work? Whilst it may also represent juxtaposition for the behaviour of women, often criticized in the work place for their defensiveness or ruthless behaviour. Perhaps women in turn are masking their femininity in a bid to be taken seriously or remain ‘invisible as they feel threatened by the challenges men pose. Conclusion What can be concluded from this complicated analysis is that it still remains difficult to determine whether invisibility exists, or whether it is a means of simply not seeing or acknowledging gender differentiation. Are male workers unaware of the fact that they are inherently patriarchal, or is it women who continue to see them in this way as they traditionally remain challenged and psychologically subjugated by their male co-workers? This might then suggest that there is no real suppression of gender taking place in organizations, but rather most women and men are defensive about their jobs and careers. This is a highly problematic area that continues to demand further research and a ‘rethinking of gender stereotypes for both management and workers generally. (Mavin et al, 2004:293-303) What is apparent from this study is the degree with which both men and women ‘play out their insecurities whilst both hiding and exposing elements of visibility and invisibility depending on the circumstances. Invisibility, as has also been outlined in this document poses a much wider conceptual problem. The problem of barriers that exist not just with individuals but with whole organizations, those that choose to promote the types of people they consider suitable to the organization itself and therefore creating their own invisible discriminatory practices. A complex system of psychological interactions can impact on the way in which people generally make themselves visible or invisible within an organization. There are many contributing factors, some of which have been explored throughout this document and many of which require considerable future research. It is clear that gender based priviledge exists. This is a reality in terms of the statistics which reflect the number of men in positions of power in contrast with the often lower salaried lesser roles adopted by women. But as to whether who is putting who at a disadvantage may be dependent on a whole series of contributory factors such as the culture and size of the organization itself, the way in which the individuals working in that organisation have been socialized and what values and expectations they have been encouraged to appreciate from birth. Bibliography Burke, R, J, Black, S (1997) Save the Males: Backlash in Organisations, Journal of Business Ethics, Volume 16 Cross, S. and Bagilhole, B. (2002) Girls Jobs for the Boys? Men, Masculinity and Non-Traditional Occupations, Gender Work and Organization, Volume 9, Issue 2 Faulkner (2009) Doing gender in engineering workplace cultures. II. Gender in/authority and the in/visibility paradox, Engineering Studies, Volume 1, Issue 3 Haraway, D (1999) Gender, Race and nature in the World of Modern science: Routledge and Kegan Paul Hesse-Biber, S, N, Carter, G, L (2005) Working Women in America: Oxford University Press. Johnson, A, G (2005) The Gender Knot: unraveling our patriarchal legacy: Temple University Press Lewis and Simpson, (2010) Revealing and Concealing Gender: Visibility in Gender and Organization Research: Palgrave Macmillan Mavin, S, Bryans, P, Waring, T (2004) Gender on the agenda 2: unlearning gender blindness in management education, Women in management Review, Volume 19, Issue 6 McKay (1997) Managing gender: affirmative action and organizational power in Australian, Canadian and New Zealand Sport: SUNY Press Nicolson, (1996) Gender, power and organization: a psychological perspective: Routledge Phelan, P (1993) Unmarked: The Politics of Performance: Routledge Pierce, J.L. (2003) Racing for Innocence: Whiteness, Corporate Culture and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action, Qualitative Sociology, Volume 26, Issue 1 Robinson, S. (2000) Introduction: Visibility, Crisis and the Wounded White Male Body in Marked Men: White Masculinity in Crisis: Columbia University Press Sahu, R, K (2009) Gender Discrimination in the Work Place, Internet article available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/22571816/Gender-Discrimination-in-Work-Place, date accessed, 13/01/10 Simpson, R. and Lewis, P. (2005) An investigation of silence and a scrutiny of transparency: Re-examining gender in organization literature through the Concepts of Voice and Visibility, Human Relations, Volume 58, Issue 10 Sinclair, A (2005) Doing leadership differently; gender, power and sexuality in a changing business culture: Melbourne University Press

Essay --

Project management techniques and project planning tools play an important role in any tasks where different possible outcomes are possible; where risk of failure exists. To avoid this failure we need planning options, organizing resources and events to deliver a successful event. Tasks of a Project Manager: †¢ Feasibility Analysis (4 days): It provides the basis for developing a concept in to business plan and subsequent business start-up. It has three part †¢ Technical Feasibility (2 days): The purpose of the technical feasibility step is to verify that the product will achieve its end status and to confirm that there are no production obstructions. †¢ Financial Feasibility (1 days): It shows that proposed plan has a cash flow quantity and quality to allow the project sponsor recover the amount invested in the project. †¢ Organizational Feasibility (1 days): It checks how well the proposed plan supports the objective of an organization’s strategic plan for information systems. †¢ Project Modelling (1 week): This is the designing phase where the manager need to decide how the en...

Positive Child Guidance (Managing Challenging Behaviour – Tantrums and Biting)

Focus It is important to remember that almost all young children display stages of â€Å"inappropriate† or challenging behaviours such as biting, tantrums, clinging or hitting at various times in their development. These behaviours are usually short-lived and typically improve with guidance and age. There are some children, however, whose challenging behaviours may increase and result in injury to self or others, cause damage to property, interfere with acquiring new skills and/or social isolation.This report investigates the possible causes for challenging behaviors (focusing primarily on tantrums and biting) in infants, toddlers and young children and positive child guidance strategies that are important as the basis for intervention and prevention. It is important to intervene in such a way that appropriate, pro-social behaviors are taught, modeled, and reinforced to ensure lifelong success. 18 June 2011 J M Badenhorst-Awasthi ID: 20090950 Introduction On average about 10 % of children younger than five display challenging behaviours (Tremblay, 2000).There has been an increase of children exhibiting challenging behaviours serious enough for parents and teachers to get concerned about disrupting family functioning and classroom routines (Powell, Dunlap and Fox, 2006). It is necessary for parents and teachers (adults) to work collaboratively in identifying causes of challenging behaviour and implementing relevant positive child guidance strategies that will promote pro-social and acceptable behaviour (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Pro-social / Acceptable BehaviourConroy and Brown (2004) highlight the following skills or pro-social behaviours that children should acquire before the age of five (on average): Getting along with others Following directions Regulating and identifying emotions Conflict resolutions / solutions Persisting on a task Engaging in social conversations Cooperative play Positive Child Guidance [PCG] An increasingly familiar term in th e field of Early Childhood Education is â€Å"Positive Child Guidance†. PCG techniques, instead of Punitive Discipline Techniques are endorsed by experts as the best way to respond to challenging behaviour (Flicker and Hoffman, 2002; Miller, 2007).PCG is a process wherein adults use certain strategies, e. g. reasoning, giving choices, problem-solving, negotiation and redirection, when dealing with challenging behaviour (Miller, 2007; Porter, 2003). Challenging behaviours (e. g. tantrums and biting) are seen as an opportunity for negotiation, learning and resolution, instead of something that requires children to be disciplined or punished for (Berk, 2006; Miller, 2007). Factors that influence challenging behaviour According to Flicker and Hoffman (2004) there are various factors that influence challenging behaviour: ? ? ? ? ? Emotional: boredom, anxiety, low self-esteem, fear, overstimulation Family: sibling rivalry, divorce, domestic violence, abuse Classroom: overcrowding, too much clutter, excessive noise Physical: hunger, fatigue, illness, soiled nappy Learning difficulties: speech and language, ADD/ADHD Environmental: poor housing, poverty, community violence Before deciding on the most effective guidance strategy it is very important for adults to consider the (potential) contributing factors. PCG is not a â€Å"one-size-fits-all† approach.It involves developing a close, trusting relationship with the children and parents and â€Å"individualizing† approaches (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). TANTRUMS Definition A tantrum / temper tantrum is an emotional outburst, usually associated with children that are in emotional distress. Typical characteristics are crying, screaming, defiance, anger, stubbornness, ranting, resisting attempts to be pacified and sometimes hitting or kicking (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Tantrums most commonly happen when children believe (wrongly or rightly) that their wants (not necessarily their needs) are not bei ng met (Ministry of Education [MoE], 1996).Typically tantrums will occur in children aged between 16 months and three / four years (Berk, 2006). Influencing Factors The physical environment may affect young children’s behaviour, e. g. inadequate space, noise levels and traffic patterns in the classroom (Miller, 2007; Strain and Hemmeter, 1999). Classroom schedules and routines may be a factor. Children need routines but with some flexibility. It is often the transition times that prove most problematic (Miller, 2007).Children might learn (after the first tantrum) that it is an effective way to get what they want and therefore keep repeating this behaviour (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Tantrums might occur when a child wants a toy that is being used by another child (jealousy) (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Often tantrums will happen when an adult says â€Å"no† to a child e. g. when changing or leaving an activity or fun place (e. g. when it’s time for tea / lunch) o r when asked to do something they don’t want to do (e. g. cleaning up) (Tremblay, 2002). A CNN Health Report concluded that there are neurological influences for tantrums.The prefrontal cortex, (part of the brain), which is responsible for emotional and social regulation is not yet developed in children and they are therefore less likely to have the required skills to negotiate a more controlled behaviour (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003). Positive Child Guidance Strategies Teachers should make use of observations to establish which factor(s) is/are influencing tantrums. Only by understanding the factor can appropriate strategies be applied (Miller, 2007). There should be minimal disruptive transitions and fair warning before it occurs.Ensure children know the routine. Teachers should model and praise appropriate behaviour (Miller, 2007). Adults should not give up / give in when a child has a tantrum. Children might learn that a tantrum is an effective and immed iate means of getting what they want. Other children might learn and copy this behaviour (Alter and Conroy, 2006). Careful planning is very important. Teachers should identify potential triggers and formulate solutions in advance (MoE, 1996). Children with a tendency for tantrums should be encouraged to do relaxing activities such as water play, play dough or the sandpit.It is inappropriate to expect toddlers to sit for long periods of time or to engage in large group activities. It is better to arrange short, engaging mat times and small group activities (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). It is important to have enough toys so that all children have an opportunity to play at the same time. Some centres will deliberately have less toys to encourage problem-solving and negotiation skills. Through observations teachers should identify high interest toys and possible tantrums (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). BITING DefinitionBiting is a distressing and common behaviour for children aged between f ourteen months and two years (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Influencing Factors Probably the most common factor for biting is that children of this age are frustrated when they are unable to use words to communicate their needs or wants. Toddlerhood is a time of strong emotions and few words. It is a time of many changes and the feelings (coupling these changes) can sometimes lead to biting (Berk, 2006). Changes that bring about strong emotions and stress can makes children more prone to biting, e. g. otty training, transitioning to a different room (age group in the centre) or a new sibling (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Sometimes infants and young toddlers might bite when they are teething. Biting eases the irritation and pain of teething (Berk, 2006; Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Hunger and thirst could also be an influencing factor (Berk, 2006). Infants use biting and sucking as a means of exploring and making sense of the physical world. Most objects (that is big enough) will go into an infant/ toddler’s mouth (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Sometimes children bite when they actually want to kiss someone (Conroy and Brown, 2004).Biting may occur when children are seeking attention. This behaviour mostly causes disturbance and focuses the adult’s attention on the child who bites. Children could also investigate / experiment the cause and effect of biting – seeing / testing what will happen when biting (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Positive Child Guidance Strategies It is important for adults to talk to the child and acknowledge that these changes can be difficult and give the child the opportunity to express their feelings appropriately (Berk, 2006; Alter and Conroy, 2006). Teachers can ask the parents if the child has a favourite â€Å"teething toy†.For toddlers a teething ring / toy can be pinned to their clothes (attached to a short string) and older children can carry a toy in their pockets. Adults should encourage children to use it when t hey feel like biting. Some children are comforted by a frozen teething toy as this numbs the area and eases discomfort more. For infants and toddlers the adult can wet a cloth and put it in the freezer. The child can easily suck and chew on this (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Toddlers and young children should not go for more than two hours without food.It is also important that adults regularly offer children liquids as well. To ease late morning tendency of biting adults can offer a mid-morning snack that is crunchy and chewy such as pretzels, rice crackers or biscuits (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Adults should ensure that the objects that infants play with are not small enough to swallow. To measure the size of objects try fitting it inside a toilet paper roll. If it fits then it is too small. Adults should ensure that appropriate teething toys are available (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Teach children the appropriate way of showing affection.How to kiss or hug can be taught. Children should first be taught to consider whether children want a hug or kiss. Adults should teach children to listen to the words that people use when they don’t want to be kissed (Conroy and Brown, 2004). To teach the child who has bitten empathy get him/her involved in calming and caring for the person who was bitten (e. g. getting an ice pack). If they see the obvious pain and discomfort and adults asking prompting questions it might discourage a child from biting again (Porter, 2003). Factors and Strategies for both Tantrums and BitingThere are some factors that may lead to both tantrums and biting which include boredom or frustration when children are not adequately engaged with peers, teachers or materials and activities in the centre or at home. Adults should ensure that the materials and activities are engaging, challenging and entertaining for all ages and stages of development. Children should be given a choice of activities which may minimize boredom or frustration (Port er, 2003). Feelings of jealousy or the need for love / attention could also cause tantrums and biting. It is important that adults treat each child equally and fairly.Adults should be consistent in PCG strategy so children can know the boundaries, expectations and acceptable behaviour (Flicker and Hoffman, 2002). . There is a relationship between language inefficiency and challenging behaviours. Children with a language inability will often use tantrums or biting (although inappropriate) to communicate their needs (Hemmeter and Ostrosky, 2006). Hyter (2003) suggest that adults should help develop language skills through songs, repetitions and reading books (See Appendix C) so that children can express themselves verbally instead of resorting to tantrums or biting (Porter, 2003).Conclusion This report highlighted various factors that influence challenging behaviour (tantrums and biting). For this reason adults (teachers and parents) should work collaboratively in identifying the infl uencing factor(s) and applying the most effective and appropriate prevention and intervention strategies to increase compliance and the child’s development of self regulation and appropriate pro-social behaviours (Berk, 2006; Fox, Dunlap and Cushing, 2002; Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003; Miller, 2007 ).

Responding Techniques

Responding and summarizing begins with using active and responding where I preview the author’s background as well as the writing context. Summarizing accurately and objectively represent key ideas. A summary cites the author and title, quotes key phrases or sentences directly and describe the main ideas and feature of a text. Responding is critiquing the ideas in the text. Responding technique gives responses that may agree or disagree with the argument in the text.Responses may analyze the argument, organization or quality of evidence in the text; and/or they may reflect on assumptions or implications. Summary includes main ideas and key features while a response includes my reactions, comments and questions. A summary gives a reader an objective and condensed account of the main ideas and features of a text while a response. A response should include own perspective, experiences, attitudes and beliefs that will guide in a particular response.To make it effective, a response paper effective, I need to say what I think and show why I think so. The response should show the relationship between my opinions and the argument in the text. A response requires analyzing the effectiveness of the text, agreeing or disagreeing with the author’s ideas and interpreting and reflecting on the text. Responses must be supported by evidence, facts, examples and details.Personal experience, evidence form the text and other texts form supporting evidence for good responses. In responses, there is need for in text citations like sentences and phrases. Ideas from other books, essays and articles are relevant. Usually, summary appears first and then the reader’s response. The two parts are carefully integrated where the response focuses quickly on the main idea summarized. Use a clear transition from the summary and response or integrate both the summary and response throughout.

Free Essays on Strom Thurmond

Introduction Senator Strom Thurmond was the oldest and longest serving member of the United States Senate despite unpopular opinions. Ole’ Strom (McWhorter, Diane http://slate.msn.com/id/2085087) fought relentlessly, making history time and time again for what he believed best served those who elected him for â€Å"forty seven years and five months† cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/06/26/thurmond.obit/. He was a man known for his sexual harassment tendencies, segregationist’s views, and his inability to lead South Carolina out from the racial bias that envelops us. The fact the he remained in the Senate for so long â€Å"says much about the racial chasm that still afflicts American society. It also says something about the voters of South Carolina† (Ibbitson, John commondreams.org/views02/0107-04.htm). By March 30th 1869, ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that all people regardless of race, creed, or color, â€Å"shall n ot be denied or abridged† the right to vote (nps.gov/malu/documents/amend15.htm). Then how is it that we, the American People, can allow one man to remain in a Senate seat for nearly a half a century with such conflict-ridden social tendencies. Body Most people know Strom Thurmond as the oldest, longest reigning Senator, however, very few people know the man behind the office. James Strom Thurmond was born at the turn of the century, in the segregated south, on December 05, 1902. After graduating from Clemson College in 1923, he became a teacher and quickly rose to the job of county school superintendent. He did not go straight into politics. He studied law with his father, and in 1930, was admitted to the South Carolina bar (Clymer, Adam. The New York Times Co). After being elected Eleventh Circuit judgeship in 1933, he was awarded the opportunity to become known statewide and broaden his political contacts (www.strom.clemson.edu... Free Essays on Strom Thurmond Free Essays on Strom Thurmond Introduction Senator Strom Thurmond was the oldest and longest serving member of the United States Senate despite unpopular opinions. Ole’ Strom (McWhorter, Diane http://slate.msn.com/id/2085087) fought relentlessly, making history time and time again for what he believed best served those who elected him for â€Å"forty seven years and five months† cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/06/26/thurmond.obit/. He was a man known for his sexual harassment tendencies, segregationist’s views, and his inability to lead South Carolina out from the racial bias that envelops us. The fact the he remained in the Senate for so long â€Å"says much about the racial chasm that still afflicts American society. It also says something about the voters of South Carolina† (Ibbitson, John commondreams.org/views02/0107-04.htm). By March 30th 1869, ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that all people regardless of race, creed, or color, â€Å"shall n ot be denied or abridged† the right to vote (nps.gov/malu/documents/amend15.htm). Then how is it that we, the American People, can allow one man to remain in a Senate seat for nearly a half a century with such conflict-ridden social tendencies. Body Most people know Strom Thurmond as the oldest, longest reigning Senator, however, very few people know the man behind the office. James Strom Thurmond was born at the turn of the century, in the segregated south, on December 05, 1902. After graduating from Clemson College in 1923, he became a teacher and quickly rose to the job of county school superintendent. He did not go straight into politics. He studied law with his father, and in 1930, was admitted to the South Carolina bar (Clymer, Adam. The New York Times Co). After being elected Eleventh Circuit judgeship in 1933, he was awarded the opportunity to become known statewide and broaden his political contacts (www.strom.clemson.edu...

Free Essays on Great Gatsby - Women

The turn of the century made many influences on the world. However, it was approximately in the 1920’s when women become more independent, delegated, and responsible for more things in the world than just keeping the house tidy, as was the mentality back in those days. The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a true literary masterpiece based on the tragic life of Jay Gatsby through the eyes of his acquaintance and neighbour, Nick Carraway. The story travels through different settings based on New York, and many characters are introduced and portrayed in their true behaviour. However, through his constant implications during the story of the negative characteristics women possess, Fitzgerald openly shows his opinion that women generally have low moral qualities, and demonstrates this by the actions and speech illustrated by the three female characters: Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker, and Myrtle Wilson. In the eyes of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Daisy Buchanan was the typical depiction of the rich, young, married woman of the 1920’s. Although she was capable of showing warmth at certain times, when later reconsidered, it is seen that this is more of a faà §ade to make herself popular. In relation to Fitzgerald’s own wife, Zelda, Daisy could not marry young Jay Gatsby because he was not wealthy, which was more important in her mind than the love she actually had for him. Also, Daisy’s child in the story also seems to be seen as more of a toy in her mind than an actual child, and when referring to her, Daisy further proved her own naivety when wishing the child a life similar to her own. â€Å"†¦And I hope she’ll be a fool, that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world today, a beautiful little fool.† (Pg 17). Daisy’s true character was revealed when she rejected Gatsby one final time, but never owned up for the death of Myrtle Wilson, leaving Gatsby as the one responsible. Myrtle Wilson was not the greatest of char... Free Essays on Great Gatsby - Women Free Essays on Great Gatsby - Women The turn of the century made many influences on the world. However, it was approximately in the 1920’s when women become more independent, delegated, and responsible for more things in the world than just keeping the house tidy, as was the mentality back in those days. The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a true literary masterpiece based on the tragic life of Jay Gatsby through the eyes of his acquaintance and neighbour, Nick Carraway. The story travels through different settings based on New York, and many characters are introduced and portrayed in their true behaviour. However, through his constant implications during the story of the negative characteristics women possess, Fitzgerald openly shows his opinion that women generally have low moral qualities, and demonstrates this by the actions and speech illustrated by the three female characters: Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker, and Myrtle Wilson. In the eyes of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Daisy Buchanan was the typical depiction of the rich, young, married woman of the 1920’s. Although she was capable of showing warmth at certain times, when later reconsidered, it is seen that this is more of a faà §ade to make herself popular. In relation to Fitzgerald’s own wife, Zelda, Daisy could not marry young Jay Gatsby because he was not wealthy, which was more important in her mind than the love she actually had for him. Also, Daisy’s child in the story also seems to be seen as more of a toy in her mind than an actual child, and when referring to her, Daisy further proved her own naivety when wishing the child a life similar to her own. â€Å"†¦And I hope she’ll be a fool, that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world today, a beautiful little fool.† (Pg 17). Daisy’s true character was revealed when she rejected Gatsby one final time, but never owned up for the death of Myrtle Wilson, leaving Gatsby as the one responsible. Myrtle Wilson was not the greatest of char...

Charlie Chaplin

They were shown with piano or organ accompaniment, sound effects, and subtitles. Comedy was the most popular type of movies during this time of films. The humor in these films were very slapstick-meaning people thought it was funny when someone fell on a banana peel or got a custard pie in the face. Buster Keating, Laurel Hardy, and Charlie Chaplin were some famous comedians. Many Canadians regularly attended one of the 900 movie theaters across Canada. Mary Pickoffs was a famous actress in the sass.Mary Pickoffs was a legendary silent film actress and was known as Americas sweetheart. She was a founder of United Artists and helped establish the Academy. Mary Pickoffs was born on April 8, 1892, in Toronto. In 1909, she appeared in 40 movies for D. W. Griffith American Biography company. She also worked as a producer and co-founded United Artists, with Charlie Chaplin, and Douglas Fairbanks, Sir. , who would become her second husband. Pickoffs retired from the screen In 1933 but continued to produce.She died In 1979. Sports Canadian sport In the sass was booming. People followed famous players Like Babe Ruth In baseball, Bobby Jones In golf and Howe Moreno In hockey. Medal really helped sports In Canada. Newspapers remoter all sporting events and magazines such as Manacles used sports articles. Radio and film started to use sports too. Baseball was the most popular summer sport In Canada. Every community had a baseball diamond and a team. The National Hockey League was established In 1917. There were only 5 teams, two In Montreal, one In Toronto, one In Ottawa and one In Quebec City. Professional hockey was becoming popular south of the border, but most hockey players were still Canadian. Music and Dancing Jazz was the music of the sass. Arlington with musicians In New Orleans. This style of music spread across the united States and North Canada. Some of the famous Jazz musicians were Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton, and Duke Longtime. Jazz music evolved through the decade. Soon there were genres of the music Like the blues and swing.Jazz music encouraged daring and energetic dances one of the most popular dances was called the Charleston. The Image above Is some people doing the Charleston. Entertainment In The sass By bioinformatics Entertainment in the sass By Joshua Abandons from the screen in 1933 but continued to produce. She died in 1979. Canadian sport in the sass was booming. People followed famous players like Babe Ruth in baseball, Bobby Jones in golf and Howe Moreno in hockey. Media really helped sports in Canada. Newspapers sport in Canada.Every community had a baseball diamond and a team. The National Hockey League was established in 1917. There were only 5 teams, two in Montreal, one in Toronto, one in Ottawa and one in Quebec City. Professional hockey was Jazz was the music of the sass. Originating with musicians in New Orleans. This style of music spread across the United States and North Canada. Some of the Jazz music evolved through the decade. Soon there were genres of the music like the of the most popular dances was called the Charleston.

Effective Behavior Support Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effective Behavior Support - Assignment Example Materials from presentations available on certain websites have also been studied. In end of the article, a conclusion has been drawn to present crux of whole discussion. Research Methodology The data is taken from various research journals, books, and magazines. The publications mostly published after 2000 A.D have been studied for discussion and literature review. The author has tried to review most recent studies regarding effective behavior support. Literature Review Many scholars and researchers have written on the topic of effective behavior support. Effective academic instructions should emphasize on facilitating students success during tenure of their teaching in schools (Scott et al., 2002). This will support the students in obtaining better results and show responsible behavior towards their studies. Li (2000) has argued that students are affected by school environments as well as community outside the school premises. As students spend their life in different environments, they are influenced by different settings such as family, peer group, school etc. Within their family, children learn basic things of their life – things like eating, speaking, behaving with family members and outsiders. Christensen (2003) has found that a number of research studies indicate that the extent to which students feel connected to their school, feel connected to their home, feel connected to peer groups, is the extent to which their achievement is predicted to be successful. Social and economical conditions also affect the behavior of students and degree of participation in the school activities. Hourahan (2000) finds through his research studies that students belonging to working class in USA had more language problems than the students coming from wealthier families. Gao (2000) has also described the impact of social status on the intercultural communication regarding Chinese in Australian education institutions. In this backdrop, socio-economic status plays a significant part in determining the chances of success for the students. Why effective behavior support is needed? Effective behavior support (EBS) is adopted by different nations (Safran, 2006). It is a comprehensive approach that focuses on prevention of negative behavior through careful and systematic educational programs. This approach supports students all over the world to decrease negative and antisocial behavior (Sugai & Horner, 2006). This approach is applied not only to individual students but also to entire school setting. It has also received positive response from institutions across the world. The effective behavior support minimizes the problem behavior (Carr et al., 2002). It involves respectful, constructive, proactive, and educative behaviors that bring positive changes in society as well as in behavior of the individuals. Behavior management is highly dependent on the educational background and social set up. Scholars have noted a number of behavior problems in st udents. To get a crystal clear picture of this behavior, classroom and non-classroom settings have been studied. Researchers emphasize that behavior support plays vital role in success of students and has positive impact on the environment of the school. Effective behavior support demands for improvement in the school atmosphere that helps students achieve maximum results. Positive behavior support incorporates a number of strategies which aim at gaining significant social and learning outcomes. Approaches to behavior

Sports Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sports Medicine - Essay Example If any question is answered in the affirmative in the first stage questionnaire then the person can start the exercise program or aerobic testing only after getting medical clearance. Though, in some cases the experienced exercise specialist may use his judgment to allow the person affecting certain problems to start an exercise program. People who are not at high risk can begin low or moderate level physical activity without the need for medical clearance. These people are also eligible for the stage 2 of the screening program if they wish to increase the intensity levels of their exercise or exercise testing. Stage 2 identifies people with moderate risk as those with age more than 45 in case of males and more than 55 in case of females or those with 2 or more than 2 risk factors for heart diseases (SMA,2005). People at moderate risk can do only moderate exercise without medical clearance. Those who are young and have less than 2 risk factors are at low risk and can undergo high intensity of physical exertion without a need for medical clearance. 2. ... This is unadvisable as it puts undue strain on the heart and lungs and poses risks of complications in the individual; also if the level of exertion is increased it is likely to deter people from taking the test, especially those leading sedentary lifestyles. 3. Which if any, of the energy pathways is fully utilized during the Wingate test If not, why not A. Adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine energy pathways are fully utilized during the Wingate Test. The ATP stored in muscle cells are broken down into ADP and phosphate. ATP molecules are quickly exhausted in the muscle cells. More ATP are produced by combination of ADP and Phosphate molecules but it takes a long time. Finally glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce pyruvic acid. 4. What factors contribute to fatigue during the last 10 seconds of the Wingate test A When pyruvic acid is formed from glucose by process of glycolysis, the absence of oxygen leads to the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid which has a corrosive action on muscles causing fatigue hence bringing down the performance. Also the energy produced by this anaerobic process is much lesser (2 ATP) than that by aerobic respiration in which complete breakdown of glucose molecule takes place leading to fatigue. 5. Explain in your own words what the fatigue index is and why it is relevant to performance A. Fatigue index is decrease is power divided by time interval between the peak power and minimum power. In athletes it's of utmost importance as it determines the nature of their performance. Many factors contribute to fatigue index like functioning of heart and lungs, muscle

U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM EVOLUTION Research Paper

U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM EVOLUTION - Research Paper Example Health insurance association define health insurances the coverage that provides payments benefits as a result of sickness or injury in summary they include accidental death and dismemberment, medical expense, disability expense and losses from accident (David, 1999). U.S is among the world industrialized countries it is however, a country without a national healthcare. The U.S citizens are still strangling to have a national healthcare. This call for the private sector, individual and the government to find a lasting solution to healthcare reform. During the genesis of 20th century, the medical care was relatively inexpensive; there were progressive attempts by reformers to protect workers against both wage loss and medical costs which was formulated at around 1915. Despite a general mood of complacency during the 1920’s, started to emphasize the illness cost instead of lost wages and advantage for sickness insurance, this was mainly done to the middle class due to the inadequacy of rural facilities (Edwin, 1998). Multiple changes were brought in by the great depression that ended in 20’s, the main historical changes that occurred was the enactment of the social security act in 1935. A Roosevelt administrations push to include health insurance was however, defeated by internal government conflict over priorities. After the depression, more severe cash flow was created for medical personal. This resulted to hospitals creating the first structured pooled financing mechanism for health insurance, which was against the advance of insurance professionals. Blue cross shield insurance company offered private coverage for hospital care in dozens of states. The cover was mainly originally limited to surgical procedures performed in the hospital however, later expanded to office visits lastly evolved into major medical coverage (Edwin, 1998). Simultaneously to the events, employers started to

Compression Molded Tires Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compression Molded Tires - Assignment Example As the paper declares there are many parameters considered in the design of tires to consider them as high quality. Tires are designed with tread, beads and sidewalls. Treads are the patterned and molded surfaces that come in contact with the road surface. The body and sidewalls gives the shape of the tire and the rubber covered beads embedded with metals and wires holds the wheel tires. The tread depth is the parameter that shows the wear and tear of the tire. It can be measured through the difference of the top of the rubber tread with the bottom of the deepest grooves of the tire. The tread wear percentage is calculated for the remaining usability of the entire tire. According to the report findings the maximum load for the tire is another important parameter that reveals the capacity of every tire to carry weight. The load of the tire is related to the overall size and diameter of the tire. Tires with higher loads are considered to have stronger internal construction. Another parameter considered in manufacturing tires is the inflation pressure. Every tire has an allowable recommended inflation pressure that it can contain which is measured in cold conditions. Tires are marked with their allowable inflation pressure for the general safe operation for tires with specific load ratings. The speed rating of a tire is also an important factor to consider. It is basically the maximum allowable speed that the tire is designed.

Mythology in Contemporary Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mythology in Contemporary Culture - Essay Example Perhaps the most famous of mythologies in the world is the one that Ancient Greece created. While most mythologies in other parts of the globe dealt with the macabre, the mythology of Greece lavished in stories of love and honor. Unlike other gods, the Greek gods were like humans; with good and bad qualities. They often fell in love and sometimes felt jealousy and hatred. Roman mythology is not far from the Greek one since they derived their stories from them. They merely changed the names of the deities but the stories remained the same. Popol Vuh, on the other hand is a book that contains the records of the mythological narratives and lineage of the rulers of the Quich Maya kingdom of highland Guatemala. This paper deals with contemporary things that echoes the influence of mythology from past times. In writing this paper, we can learn some of the things that are still rooted to common mythology and its impact to society's everyday lives. One of the most enduring of all human practices that has to do with mythology is our use of them in naming heavenly bodies. Let's start off with the planets. The first planet from the sun is Mercury. In Roman mythology, Mercury (Hermes in Greek) is one of the twelve primary gods (Dodekatheon) that reside in Olympus. As messenger of the gods, he is known to be the swiftest of them. It is no wonder that the fastest planet would be named from the fleet-footed Mercury. Another of these planets is Venus, known as the morning star for its brightness. As the goddess of beauty, it is quite explicit that the most brilliant star would be named after her. Our very own planet Earth is personified as Gaea (mother earth). Long before the emergence of the gods, t he earth was inhabited by the Titans. Gaea was one of them and she is married to Uranus (the heaven). Uranus in turn is where the name of the seventh planet is derived. One of Gaea and Uranus' children is Saturn, often identified with the Greek deity Cronus (time). Saturn is also known as the god of agriculture. After it was foretold that one of his children will vanquish him, Cronus devoured each of them after they are delivered. His sixth child, Zeus (Jupiter) was saved by his mother. When Jupiter was strong enough, he saved his siblings from the dreaded body of Cronus and became the leader of the Gods. As the king of heaven and earth and the strongest of them all, it is just obvious for people of modern times to name after him the largest of the planets in our solar system. The fourth planet from the sun, known as Mars, is named after the Roman god of war. It is part of the mythology that Venus fell in love with Mars; thus popularizing the symbols and , which are the symbols of Venus and Mars respectively. It is not hidden knowledge that these are the symbols for the feminine and the masculine; and commonly these symbols complement each other, the way the two deities complement their selves. The eight planet is named after Neptune, the Roman god of the sea and he is the brother of Jupiter. The last planet in our solar system is the Pluto. A small, cold, dark, rocky planet, it's identity is still a mystery to most scientists. However, it is not a mystery to us that the planet is just aptly named since Pluto

U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM EVOLUTION Research Paper

U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM EVOLUTION - Research Paper Example Health insurance association define health insurances the coverage that provides payments benefits as a result of sickness or injury in summary they include accidental death and dismemberment, medical expense, disability expense and losses from accident (David, 1999). U.S is among the world industrialized countries it is however, a country without a national healthcare. The U.S citizens are still strangling to have a national healthcare. This call for the private sector, individual and the government to find a lasting solution to healthcare reform. During the genesis of 20th century, the medical care was relatively inexpensive; there were progressive attempts by reformers to protect workers against both wage loss and medical costs which was formulated at around 1915. Despite a general mood of complacency during the 1920’s, started to emphasize the illness cost instead of lost wages and advantage for sickness insurance, this was mainly done to the middle class due to the inadequacy of rural facilities (Edwin, 1998). Multiple changes were brought in by the great depression that ended in 20’s, the main historical changes that occurred was the enactment of the social security act in 1935. A Roosevelt administrations push to include health insurance was however, defeated by internal government conflict over priorities. After the depression, more severe cash flow was created for medical personal. This resulted to hospitals creating the first structured pooled financing mechanism for health insurance, which was against the advance of insurance professionals. Blue cross shield insurance company offered private coverage for hospital care in dozens of states. The cover was mainly originally limited to surgical procedures performed in the hospital however, later expanded to office visits lastly evolved into major medical coverage (Edwin, 1998). Simultaneously to the events, employers started to

Mythology in Contemporary Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mythology in Contemporary Culture - Essay Example Perhaps the most famous of mythologies in the world is the one that Ancient Greece created. While most mythologies in other parts of the globe dealt with the macabre, the mythology of Greece lavished in stories of love and honor. Unlike other gods, the Greek gods were like humans; with good and bad qualities. They often fell in love and sometimes felt jealousy and hatred. Roman mythology is not far from the Greek one since they derived their stories from them. They merely changed the names of the deities but the stories remained the same. Popol Vuh, on the other hand is a book that contains the records of the mythological narratives and lineage of the rulers of the Quich Maya kingdom of highland Guatemala. This paper deals with contemporary things that echoes the influence of mythology from past times. In writing this paper, we can learn some of the things that are still rooted to common mythology and its impact to society's everyday lives. One of the most enduring of all human practices that has to do with mythology is our use of them in naming heavenly bodies. Let's start off with the planets. The first planet from the sun is Mercury. In Roman mythology, Mercury (Hermes in Greek) is one of the twelve primary gods (Dodekatheon) that reside in Olympus. As messenger of the gods, he is known to be the swiftest of them. It is no wonder that the fastest planet would be named from the fleet-footed Mercury. Another of these planets is Venus, known as the morning star for its brightness. As the goddess of beauty, it is quite explicit that the most brilliant star would be named after her. Our very own planet Earth is personified as Gaea (mother earth). Long before the emergence of the gods, t he earth was inhabited by the Titans. Gaea was one of them and she is married to Uranus (the heaven). Uranus in turn is where the name of the seventh planet is derived. One of Gaea and Uranus' children is Saturn, often identified with the Greek deity Cronus (time). Saturn is also known as the god of agriculture. After it was foretold that one of his children will vanquish him, Cronus devoured each of them after they are delivered. His sixth child, Zeus (Jupiter) was saved by his mother. When Jupiter was strong enough, he saved his siblings from the dreaded body of Cronus and became the leader of the Gods. As the king of heaven and earth and the strongest of them all, it is just obvious for people of modern times to name after him the largest of the planets in our solar system. The fourth planet from the sun, known as Mars, is named after the Roman god of war. It is part of the mythology that Venus fell in love with Mars; thus popularizing the symbols and , which are the symbols of Venus and Mars respectively. It is not hidden knowledge that these are the symbols for the feminine and the masculine; and commonly these symbols complement each other, the way the two deities complement their selves. The eight planet is named after Neptune, the Roman god of the sea and he is the brother of Jupiter. The last planet in our solar system is the Pluto. A small, cold, dark, rocky planet, it's identity is still a mystery to most scientists. However, it is not a mystery to us that the planet is just aptly named since Pluto

Emotions and the Brain Essay Example for Free

Emotions and the Brain Essay The organization of perceptual systems is identical to that of motility. Perception does not occur through a constructive phase of in-processing that begins in koniocortex. Rather, it develops in the reverse direction over a series of levels to a koniocortical end phase. In other words, the process of object formation unfolds in a cognitive sequence leading from a brainstem preobject through a limbic and generalized neocortical phase, to a final modeling achieved through primary visual cortex. The presumed role of frontal cortex in the elaboration of action structures, that is, the rhythmic or oscillatory components of an action, can explain other seemingly non-motor phenomena which occur with frontal lobe damage. For example, perceptual disorders may arise, not from a primary deficit of perception, but from impairments in the visual exploration of space, including changes in visual search, orientation, and ocular displacement. Two aspects of dynamic systems theory deserve specific mention here; the first is the emergent quality of Jungs methods. Amplification is an intentionally non-linear circumambulation of an image or psychic content; it operates by allowing contextually meaningful associations to be gathered up and enter consciousness. The concept of the limbic system as the focal brain division that must be investigated in order to understand emotionality. The medial surfaces of the telencephalic hemispheres (including cingulate, frontal, and temporal lobe areas especially the amygdala) and interconnections with septal, hypothalamic, and central-medial brain stem areas as part of the neural landscape that constituted the emotional brain. Cortical control of primitive behaviors and basic emotions has been achieved in several ways. One way was for the cortex to extend emotions in time by allowing organisms to dwell on past and future events. The organizational principle that has been most commonly used to summarize the neural infrastructure of emotional processes has been Paul MacLeans concept of the triune brain. According to the classic version which offers a conceptual cartoon of the major layers of neural development, the functional landscape of the brain is organized in three strata of evolutionary progression. Although humans have the largest frontal lobes of any species, dolphins have a massive new brain area, the paralimbic lobe, that we do not possess. The paralimbic lobe is an outgrowth of the cingulate gyrus, which is known to elaborate social communication and social emotions (such as feelings of separation distress and maternal intent) in all other mammals. We should always keep in mind a key conceptual distinction when we consider brain operating systems, namely, how open or closed are these systems in relation to environmental influences FLA loop The neural substrate of language consists of a complex hierarchical system of levels corresponding to stages in neocortical evolution. The system has an anterior (frontal) and posterior (temporo-parieto-occipital) component. The two main classes of aphasia, the non fluent and the fluent aphasias, refer to these components, while the various aphasic syndromes within each class point to different levels within the anterior or posterior sector. The structure as a whole develops out of medial and paraventricular formations through several growth planes of limbic and paralimbic (transitional) cortex to a stage of generalized (association, integration) cortex. The organization of perceptual systems is identical to that of motility. Perception does not occur through a constructive phase of in-processing that begins in koniocortex. Rather, it develops in the reverse direction over a series of levels to a koniocortical end phase. In other words, the process of object formation unfolds in a cognitive sequence leading from a brainstem preobject through a limbic and generalized neocortical phase, to a final modeling achieved through primary visual cortex. In a fashion similar to that of the frontal sector, the perception leads from a global pre-object in a unitary field at a preliminary level to the final more or less contralateral hemifield representation at a koniocortical end stage. (Christianson, 1992) Impaired initiation with lesions of mesial or orbito-frontal cortex may involve the action as a whole, or partially. The patient may be unable to initiate any action (akinetic mutism) or show hypoactivity, inertia and lack of spontaneity. These latter symptoms may represent attenuated forms of akinetic mutism. Perhaps, the degree of encroachment on, or distance from, core regions of frontal limbic cortex (e. g. , anterior cingulate gyrus) determines the extent of hypoactivity. In the partial disorders there is difficulty initiating a vocal act (mutism, transcortical motor aphasia) or limb action (alien hand, SMA syndrome and related disorders). Perseveration also occurs with damage to frontal limbic areas and is related to disturbed initiation. The persistence of a performance is the other side of an inability to go on to the next. Impaired initiation may occur without perseveration, but it is questionable whether the reverse is true. In fact, in perseveration, the initiation deficit often seems primary, for perseveration is greater for tasks which are more difficult, and it tends to involve previously successful performances. (Christianson, 1992) With convexity lesions the action is disrupted at a stage subsequent to its activation. Derailments occur at serial points in the unfolding of the action toward a goal. Apraxia, a substitution or defective selection of partial movements with lesions of left premotor cortex, is due to an alteration of motor timing, or a change in the kinetic pattern for a particular motor sequence. Other frontal disorders may have a similar basis. Agrammatism, dysprosody and expressive amusia probably represent the disruption of an oscillator which elaborates the rhythmic or prosodic contour of an utterance or vocal action. The presumed role of frontal cortex in the elaboration of action structures, that is, the rhythmic or oscillatory components of an action, can explain other seemingly non-motor phenomena which occur with frontal lobe damage. For example, perceptual disorders may arise, not from a primary deficit of perception, but from impairments in the visual exploration of space, including changes in visual search, orientation, and ocular displacement. The lack of drive or motivation in frontal patients can also be approached from a motor standpoint. I have suggested that base levels in the action elaborate the experience, or feeling, of drive and that this experience, like the Innervationsguhl of Wundt, arises as an accompaniment of the action development rather than as an energy or a force which is only an underpinning. In other words, drive undergoes a development together with action. Some actions appear to be motivated by drives or instincts, others are purposeful or goal-oriented, and still others are volitional, in the sense that decisions are made, actions can be delayed and even witheld in pursuit of a goal. My guess is that these feeling states drive, purposefulness, volition correspond with evolutionary levels in the action development, and that this is why damage to the action structure impacts on the feeling state specified by the damaged processing stage. (Lazarus, 1991) Actions also elaborate intentions, the feeling that one it an agent who acts on an environment. This is part of the temporal unfolding of the action and its continual surge toward a future state. It is the basis for our distinction of passive and active movements. This feeling, and the other affects which the action generates, are bound up with the sense of anticipation and forward growth. The loss of, or a change in, this direction toward the future has the consequence of a greater responsiveness to ongoing stimuli and an apparent tendency to live for the immediate present. The loss of this active or volitional relation to the world is, ultimately, the most profound effect of damage to the frontal lobes. The action unfolds into the volumetric space of limbic cognition, a space of dream and hallucination. The action moves outward beyond the body itself to an extrapersonal field of body movement that is still part of and continuous with subjective mental space. This is not a grasping or manipulation space, for objects have not yet exteriorized. The emerging action is read off into keyboards innervating the proximal musculature. Actions leave the body axis and are distributed through the proximal muscles into the space around the body or onto the body itslef. At this stage, the first separation appears between perceiver and object, actor and object acted upon, agent and action. The motor envelope differentiates into partial actions, objects begin to clarify, and space begins to expand, fractionate, and draw away from the perceiver. (Lazarus, 1991) The role of limbic mechanisms in action is brought home even more clearly by conditions in which there is damage to limbic-derived neocortex on the mesial aspect of the frontal lobe. Bilateral damage to the anterior cingulate gyrus gives rise to a state of akinetic mutism resembling that which can occur with damage to the upper brainstem. The patient appears to be in a catatonic stupor and, as in catatonia, there are periodic bouts of excitement that give way to a persistent vegetative state. Stimulation of this region in man produces motor and affective responses suggestive of a primitive or archaic level in behavior. Stimulation adjacent to the anterior cingulate gyrus in the supplementary motor area (SMA) causes iteration or arrest of vocalization and proximal movement, especially of the upper limbs. With damage there may be a release of automatisms and primitive synergies of the arm and hand (alien hand) or difficulty initiating action with the arm though strength and coordination are intact. There may also be difficulty initiating speech. This can lead to selective mutism or selective akinesia, that is, ambulatory mutism or good speech with imparied initiation of limb movement. Selective difficulty initiating movements with the lower extremities occurs in the so-called gait apraxia, or magnetic gait, often associated with hydrocephalus. (Wilson, 1983) In the microgenetic theory the SMA mediates preparatory stages in action generation prior to conscious awareness. Lesions of this area disrupt speech, limb, and body action in a common manner early in the processing of the action, prior to the specification of constituent movement patterns. The disturbance of speech was viewed as motoric, not linguistic or propositional. In the microgenetic view, each response represents a bundle of action structures, consisting of the series of stages through which the action develops. Pathology disrupts the action at different points in this process. The site of the lesion determines the point in the sequence that is disrupted, and this point or processing stage constitutes the symptom or abnormal behavior. Microgeny maps onto patterns of phyletic growth. The structure of an action and the symptoms that correspond to levels in this structure are distributed over stages in forebrain evolution. Damage to older orbital and mesial frontal limbic formations leads to impaired activation (response bias or perseveration and lack of initiation), damage along the convexity leads to derailment of the action after adequate initiation (distractibility, apraxia, and confabulation), and damage to premotor and motor cortices leads to a defect in implementation of distal targets (misarticulation, clumsiness, and weakness). Specifically, the evolutionary progression from limbic to motor cortices retraces the sequence of processing stages in the microtemporal elaboration of an action. Seizures involving mesial frontal limbic cortex can lead to stereotypical actions of a purposeful type, such as scratching ones head, manipulating imaginary objects, or pacing. The alien hand syndrome also represents a type of released automatism. Here a more complex integrated behavior of a purposeful but not volitional type is associated with damage or stimulation to zones intermediate in the action microgeny. The inner relationship between (impaired) initiation and (released) automatism recurs but now in the context of a more differentiated action pattern, involving segmental or vocal movements. Non-Linear Dynamic Systems. Two aspects of dynamic systems theory deserve specific mention here; the first is the emergent quality of Jungs methods. Amplification is an intentionally non-linear circumambulation of an image or psychic content; it operates by allowing contextually meaningful associations to be gathered up and enter consciousness. As the limit of personal associations is reached, if further analysis is required, the net is widened to include cultural and archetypal elements. For this expansion to remain clinically relevant it must offer an experiential dimension as well as being an intellectual event; affective involvement is crucial, as will be discussed with dream work. A precondition for entering a state of (analytic) consciousness that can facilitate a mutative employment of transpersonal material was noted by Jung and more fully discussed by Bion, the suspension of ordinary knowing this link between Jung and Bion was delineated by Fordham along with a number of other areas of overlap between them. All psychoanalysts looking at the applications of infant research to adult analysis, subscribe to variants of an emergentist paradigm grounded in non-linear dynamic systems. Sanders ideas about paradox and polarity are resonant with Jungs core perception of the dissociability of the psyche that leads to his theory of complexes with the consequent aim in analysis to foster synthesis and integration via the transcendent function. Every living system must cope with uncertainty that places it in a state somewhere between continuity and change, core polarities for Sander. In the therapeutic setting, fluctuations in relational certitude and doubt provide an emergent edge through which the co-constructed third of the relationship becomes the locus of the transcendent function. The system radically expands our understanding of transference and points to the creative possibilities inherent in a â€Å"new† experience. Which complexes are constellated in the analyst, in the patient and between them at such moments should likely be considered.

Traditional Costing Methods vs Activity Based Costing (ABC)

Traditional Costing Methods vs Activity Based Costing (ABC) In this report I will attempt to discover whether it is feasible as a company to change the Traditional methods of costing we currently use to the more modern Activity Based Costing methods, looking at the benefits and drawbacks of changing and whether it is worth implementing these new costing methods to our company as a whole. Introduction / Background As a small local engineering firm we currently use the Traditional costing method where we apportion Production overheads on the basis of direct labour hours. Does this give a fair and accurate representation of the true cost of expenditure each product consumes or should we as a company convert to the Activity Based Costing system or ABC as I will refer to it from here in, where we first assigns costs to the activities that are the real cause of the overhead and then assign the cost of those activities only to the products that are actually demanding the activities. Would this give a fair and more realistic look at the way we cost jobs. In this report I will look at both methods and determine whether we as a company should change the way we cost our jobs and if we do change to the ABC method of costing, what the conditions are of implementing this to us. Traditional Costing Methods Currently we adopt the more traditional way of apportioning our production overheads which involves the overhead rate being calculated using direct labour hours, machine hours, or units, in our case using direct labour hours. The advantages of using this system are: Simplicity the calculation of overhead rates is relatively straightforward; They are widely understood in business; They are not expensive to operate; Until the late 1980s they were seen as fairly accurate; They are still being used after many decades. The weaknesses of traditional costing systems are: Their reliance on arbitrary rather than cause-and-effect allocation of overheads; Their inability to give accurate product costs in multiproduct companies; Their failure to analyze non-manufacturing costs. (Traditional costing system. A Dictionary of Business and Management. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 19 Nov. 2010 . ) Currently using the traditional method of cost accounting we are allocating the factorys indirect costs to the items manufactured on the basis of direct labour hours, By using only labour hours to allocate the manufacturing overhead to products, we are implying that the labour hours are the underlying cause of the factory overhead. Traditionally, that may have been sufficient for the companys external financial statements. However, in recent decades the manufacturing overhead has been caused by many other factors. For example, some customers are likely to demand additional manufacturing operations for their products. Other customers simply want great quantities of product. If we want to know the true cost to produce specific products for specific customers, the traditional method of cost accounting is inadequate. ABC was developed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional method. Instead of just one costing such as labour hours, ABC will use many costings to allocate our indirect costs. A few of the costings that would be used under ABC include the number of machine setups, the pounds of material purchased or used, the number of engineering change orders, the number of machine hours, and so on. So do we continue to use this system because it is simple to use and has been used for decades or do we want a more accurate analysis and breakdown of the way we allocate costs. Activity Based Costing (ABC) Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is an Information System developed in the 1980s to overcome some of the limitations of traditional cost accounting and to enhance its usefulness to strategic decision-making. ABC systems are designed and implemented on the premise that products consume activities, activities consume resources and resources consume costs (Sprow, 1992). ABC systems assign costs to activities based on their consumption of resources, and then activity costs are assigned to products or services in proportion to a selected measure of their individual workloads (Anderson, 1993; p. 7). ABC systems examine all processes (or activities) that are actually relevant to the production of a product and attempt to determine exactly what portion of each resource is consumed i.e. which activity a particular product uses. (M. Gupta, K. Galloway / Technovation 23 (2003) 131-138) Why the need for ABC, you may ask; Nowadays managers are facing global competition and increased productivity in new manufacturing environments. Companies attempt to become customer focused and concentrate on quality products at competitive prices. Under these circumstances, many firms are interested in determining various costs more accurately with the objective to integrate manufacturing and marketing strategies. Various costing systems are used to provide an increased accuracy about product costs, product mix, pricing and other investment decision- makings. Some experiences reveal that the distortion in reported product costs and, in turn, product pricing could be reduced by using activity-based costing (ABC) (A. Gunasekaran, M. Sarhadil Int. J. Production Economics 56-57 (1998) 231-242) What are the benefits then of this new and modern way of costing, is it really the way forward for us. It wont eliminate costs but it will give us detailed information about the way we are consuming them, thus helping us to isolate problem areas with the view to rectifying why the costs are so high in these areas. ABC costing is a good tool where different customers require different needs. Its an unwritten rule respected by many in the business world that you generally treat your best customers the best. The problem is, do you really know who your best customers are, or do you think you know? The majority of business people have the false perception that the best customer is the one that accounts for the largest portion of your income every year. This is not always the case for the simple reason that the same customer may be responsible for the biggest part of your expenses also. Studies have shown that 20% of all customers virtually provide all the profits of a company. Another 60% break even and the remaining 20% only reduce the bottom line. Wouldnt it be nice if you had the names of that 20% of headache-inducing customers that are literally more trouble than theyre worth? To determine how much a customer is costing you, you must first identify the activities that relate to each customer and determine the total cost absorbed by those activities. These activities or c ost drivers should be considered then to measure the level of activity absorbed by each customer. The ultimate purpose of implementing ABC is to separate these activities into individual cost drivers. Then, all you have to do is measure each customers participation in the specific cost. (The ABC Portal is  © 2002 Offtech Computing Pty Ltd.) So with our customers needs being different in terms of specific shelters and designs we could cost jobs more accurately to each customer. Looking at the draw backs to the ABC costing system, we would have to take into account the data collection process for this new system could prove to be very time consuming along with the capital expenditure on this new system and its subsequent running costs. Employee resistance must also be taken into account. This is a major obstacle in implementation of an ABC system. Such resistance is natural as the most common objective is to give a reduction in overhead costs, and in almost all circumstances this could result in a reduction in personnel. So to break it down the advantages and disadvantages of ABC are; The main advantages: Assesses costs of individual activities, based on their use of resources Enables accurate costing of all activities to be obtained throughout an organisation. Easy to identify where high (and low) costs are being incurred and the cause. A valuable tool for both business and process improvement Helps with future product planning e.g. the cost of all activities associated with a product or service can be accurately determined before it is launched. This can then help with determining pricing, and any associated expenditure. Disadvantages include: It may be difficult to set up and establish, particularly if an organisation is using more traditional accounting methodologies. (barriers to change) Can be time consuming if all activities are to be costed May provide too much detail obscuring the bigger picture. Can lead to employee and possible management disharmony.

Justice often masks an occurrence of injustice in many forms and in :: English Literature

Justice often masks an occurrence of injustice in many forms and in the crucible by Arthur Miller, the leaders of Salem, believe that the way that they are dealing with people of strange happenings is right and just but is actually wrong and unjust. Justice can be defined as the right and moral decision and general beliefs. Injustice can be defined as unfairness and a lack of justice. Someone who is done by an injustice may have been judged to harshly. In "The Crucible" by Arthur Miller, the target audience is young adults to the older generation. This play is based on real events which occurred in 1692. The Crucible is saying that in Salemat this time there is very little justice, this is shown when Hale says "Goody Proctor, I have gone this three month like our lord into the wilderness. I have sought a Christian way, for damnations doubled on a minister who counsels men to lie." In this Hale is saying that he no longer follows the beliefs of Salem and he now follows the beliefs of Christianity. Justice is conveyed in Arthur Miller's "The Crucible" by having a character like Hale, who comes into Salem as a man who strongly believes that accusing and hanging people because of witchcraft is right and just, but he later realizes that what he believes is wrong and unjust. He then decides to change his ways. Also at the end of Act 1, there are many quick accusations being made which leaves the reader in suspense and a long wanting to know what will happen to all these people who were accused. The leaders of Salem believe that what they are doing is right and just, but in reality it is an injustice. This is how justice can often mask injustice. Justice often being masked by an injustice can also be seen in the text "Justice without a Conscience." This text is showing a statue of Lady Justice, who usually represents, Anti-discrimination, fairness and justice, is now representing discrimination, unfairness and injustice by the statue not wearing a blindfold which allows her to be discriminative against people, her scales are unbalanced which would make things unfair. Also the blindfold is pulled over her mouth stopping her from speaking which represents that justice is not always heard. There is a man passed out at the base of the statue. This is using a high angle shot to show that the man is very insignificant and lady justice is large and very important. Another text which shows justice being masked by an injustice is a cartoon where an upper class man has just shot a woman, killing her.

Effects of Underage Drinking on Society Essay -- Alcohol Regulation, Y

Underage Drinking Anyone who is below eighteen years of age is considered as underage and laws in many countries prohibit such a person from consuming alcohol. Alcohol happens to be the most commonly abused drug not only among the youth but also among adults. This paper explores underage drinking, its effects on the society and outlines what can be done to curb it. Young people are considered to constitute the largest number of alcohol consumers and they account for a large portion of alcohol sales. This is despite the strict drinking laws that govern many countries as regards alcohol purchase and consumption. Underage drinking, which has been on the increase, is allegedly the major cause of alcohol-related problems facing the modern society. The most severe effects of adolescent drinking include drunk driving that leads to accidents and even death, violence, poor performance in school, addiction, poor relationships and damage on adolescent brain development among others (Bonnie and O’Connell 58). The society is to a great extent affected by these effects through deaths and lost productivity among the youth. This has become a challenge to the society and government, which has been accused of doing nothing about this menace. Weak personal character, bad social states and poor cultural settings are some of the major factors that are belie ved to be behind underage drinking. Bad character among adolescents is a major factor behind underage drinking and it is caused by the personal beliefs and attitudes of the young adults towards alcohol, defiance, low commitment towards personal objectives and undue interpretation of freedom (Komro and Toomey 2). The lack of principles and autonomy, which help the youth to say no to illicit beh... ...wn to a personal decision on whether one should or should not consume it as others will still do even if all these interventions were to be put in place. The strategies above can therefore not guarantee an end to underage drinking but they can give significant and sustained reduction in adolescent drinking if efficiently implemented. Works Cited Bonnie, Richard J., Mary Ellen O’Connell, and National Research Council (U.S). Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 2004. Print. Ellul, Duncan Aaron Borg. Risk Perception, Awareness and Prevention Measures to Reduce Underage Drinking and the Illegal Purchase of Alcohol in Malta. Boca Raton, FL: Universal Publishers, 2005. Print. Komro, Kelli A., and Traci L. Toomey. â€Å"Strategies to Prevent Underage Drinking.† The News. 19 Jan. 2011: 1-29. Print.

My Best Memories Essay

Through out my life, I have lived with many special memories, some painful, sad, wonderful and happy. However, of all the memories, only exquisite memories are worth mentioning over and over again. Some people may have experienced similar memories; however, it all depends on how the individual holds a particular memory that matters in this regard. Sometimes, people will claim that their best memories were created with their lovers, traveling with family, or their childhood memories. As for me, my junior year in high school provided a special memorable event that I will always live to remember. There were several memorable instances such as joining the student association, meeting lots of friends at that particular time, everybody offered support to each other and we cared for one another. For me, school is not just a place to learn, but also a home and my haven. In 2004, I was studying at a missionary school called Taiwan Adventists Collage. Even though this was the first time I was living and studying away from home, I still remember that we sang together, cried together, laughed together, learned together and came through together, and sometimes we would hang out with my new friends till midnight. Now when I look back, I realize that it was not only fun, but also crazy and wonderful. At my gr. 10 year, I was really lively at school, and this made the School Student Association leader named Vicky to persuade me to join his group before my second year started. Certainly, YES! Joining this group was a privilege that I could not wish away. For my entire summer break, I worked with them for half a year on the school’s student activity project schedule. Vicky assigned me to the school’s sports day group and appointed me to be the group leader. She told me to prepare sports day with College Student Association and contact them about the first meeting. Nervousness, fear, and excitement described my mood before I met College group leader. It was a nice meeting at least for first time. I remember his name was Xian Sun. We talked about the time schedule, laid out the program, divided duties between his group and my group, and also planned for the next time we were going to meet. I had to inform my group of what had transpired in our meeting and the way forward. I still remember that this was my first time presenting something in front of the people bearing a very important announcement. My teammates were anxious, looking at me eagerly to deliver the message. â€Å"Well, we decided to separate all the teammates to work in different small groups together with the College students. We will become five different small groups of graphic/music, shopping, planning, labor, and administration; each group will have five members. Each small group must have a team leader; this leader will have to report the achieved percentage of scheduled plan to me. The leader will also join us in the meeting every time to highlight on the scheduled process,† I said. The first challenge came out when I was dividing the members. Some of my teammates did not agree with my decisions; they did not understand why they cannot work with their best friends in the same group while others did not like staying in the administration group but instead, they wanted to be in the shopping group. Subsequently, they started to threaten me because I was lower team leader in the hierarchy. I had to listen to their point of argument or else, they would tell our leader, Vicky and leave my team. At that moment, I was confused as to why they could not use their mind and understand that this was not for personal gain but for the benefit of the group as a whole? I was angered and had indignation to tell them that whatever I had done was the best way and cannot be changed anymore; if there were any questions then they should go ahead and tell Vicky. I did not care. Allover a sudden, Vicky came to meet me and asked me what had happened with some of my teammates and he offered to teach me on how to solve this problem. I tried to explain to the teammates the reasons as to why I separated friends into different groups. For instance, I put some people in the music group because they are good in music and others are good at planning programs or at administration issues and so on and so forth. In the end, all of them came to understand my decisions and accepted. We were all on the right track and we had to keep going before the second meeting with the college students. I later found out that the administration group was not necessary so I divided all students into four different groups. One of the groups was super strong for every sport. This group had the best players in school sporting disciplines like school basketball or track and field team players. For the other groups, they felt disappointed because they already knew that every sport game champion would come from the strongest group, this is their sport day, and not for other people. At first, I totally overruled their first team list and gave them second chance to change the membership of the group for this reason. They made some changes but still this was not enough to provide a fair playing ground. I was super angry and indignant to get the roll sheet changed to what it should look like. I did not know that they had decided not to do anything expecting that I will change everything unilaterally. I had not listened to them. What a big crime? How can I explain this? The other groups including the shopping group complained about labor group not going to support them in buying staff etc†¦ I tried to mediate and reconcile, oh how I wished sport day could hurry and come to pass! I tried my best to accommodate troubles and everything looked like going back to right way once more. I was busy all the time attending college group to meetings, our group meetings, catching up for support and anything, and reporting to my leader, Vicky. In a little while, I had a short meeting with College group and we kind of differed a little bit at that time. The reason to this was the money expenses were not going to be divided equally; College want high school to pay more because we have more participants than them. They want the high school to account for 65% of the expenses whereas the remaining 35% be footed by the College. â€Å"This is not fair† I told their leader, Xian Sun. I told him that I had to consult preceptor. Consequently, I went back and come back with the answer. â€Å"This is not a good deal for us, but I can agree on 60% for us and 40% for them† my preceptor said. â€Å"Sorry Xian Sun, this is only what we can accept anyway,† I said and looked at him and felt that he was kind of mad at me. Suddenly, I felt that this job was so hard for me. I was a mere 17-years old high school girl and I did not know how to communicate and balance this. I was not an adult enough to understand how to explicitly confer the bill. I did not understand why I had to care about those, why I was an evil being for everything. I felt sad, sorrowful and without confidence in my mind. I really tried to quit this job at that time. Vicky came to me and said, â€Å"Nothing is impossible, see the impossible word can be broken into Im and possible so that it can be, Im possible! Eva I believe you can finish this job and that was one of the reasons as to why I chose you to become a leader at this time. I believe you can do it! Do not worry, everything will be fine. Add oil Eva! Go Eva. † Subsequently this conversation always remind me of forces and dispassionate to govern and be hardy. Finally, the sport day came. Everything was perfect. The program went on unhindered. We were so happy to see this. Every student and the teachers had fun that day. I can see my teammates painstakingly strive with effort, and the fruits of that day. In end in our party, a lot of people turned to congratulate me because they had learnt a lot from me or from this activity. They knew something was wrong but did not want to tell me until I point out to them to their embarrassment. Anyway all passed, we still are friends. From there I learned that to be a leader is important, we can learn a lot from leadership, and according to what teachers have taught us, this process is the foundation of the future. Also being a leader is really good. Even though sometimes it was stressful from flights, reports, meetings†¦ etc, these were our responsibilities for what leaders should do. However, all of these memories will live with my heart forever and ever.

Vikings, Civilized?

In the year AD 789, the Viking Era began. They came across the sea from the region now called Scandinavia. Hundreds of years later, there were many Vikings living in all corners of Europe because their homelands couldn’t support their growing population. The Vikings for a long time had a bad reputation. People feared the Vikings, describing them as vicious vandals and barbaric raiders. That is what the Vikings are mostly remembered for today. Aside from all the raiding and looting of towns the Vikings did, in their homelands, they had a certain level of civilisation in their culture.The name ‘Viking’ translates to ‘pirate’ in Norse; a language spoken by the Vikings. The Vikings were very fierce and brutal fighters. 4 years after the Vikings settled in England/Europe, they violently raided the monks of Lindisfarne. The war party struck quickly and unexpectedly. The monks at first thought they would be safe, living in a monastery and sacred place, but t hey were wrong. The people of Lindisfarne were defenseless, making it easier for the Vikings to steal treasures, burn down buildings and murder monks.The Vikings were violent and heartless towards others. They would torture their victims and did not hesitate to kill anyone†¦ including innocent babies. After raiding the monastery, the Vikings longships would sail home loaded with goods and captives. The Vikings would raid and loot through towns as they travelled. Their swords and axes caused terror and fear wherever they went. They had many cruel and disturbing ways to kill people. One of the most popular ways they used is called a butterfly cut, which ended up with the victim’s lungs hanging out.They would also drown people in the sea until they died. Some Vikings called ‘The berserkers’ were worked up with drugs before and in battles which made them wild and somehow, pain free. Despite the Vikings status as raiders, not all Vikings voyages were violent. Alt hough they might loot and destroy one town, they would go to another in peace and trade goods. While some of the popular belief of Vikings being nothing but ruthless fights are correct, contrary to belief, the Vikings culture and way of life is less barbaric than most may think.In addition, Vikings were very skilled craftspeople. They were expert sailors and shipbuilders. Their longship sailed all the way to the Mediterranean Sea. The Vikings built many types of boats like small rowing boats, trading and transport ships and of course the mighty longship used for raids. The Vikings were excellent navigators, and with their longship, could travel far distances. Furthermore, the Vikings had a very structured and stable society. They had equal rights, their own religion and language which are all signs of a civilised culture.The Vikings honored the dead and evidence from a number of primary sources reveal that the Vikings would bury the dead in mass graves, in deep pits, in wagons and b oats. Cremation was another common burial practice for Pagan Vikings. The Viking’s society was divided into 3 groups. The Jarls who were the privileged, rich and powerful ones, the Karls who were the middle class made up the majority of the Viking society. They were the craftspeople, farmers and merchants. On the bottom of the Viking society were the Thralls.Most of them were slaves and did the heavy work. The Vikings would have festivals with music, storytelling and games In conclusion, saying the Vikings were nothing but ruthless, bloodthirsty savage beasts would be unfair. Yes, they did attack and kill many innocent people but that does not mean their society was uncivilised. The Vikings were the master of the seas and were skilled at many things. They had a structured society and had their own beliefs. In saying that, the Vikings were far less barbaric than most think.