Social Responsibility Strategy Report - 2650 Words

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY STRATEGY REPORT Report Paradigm, a health information start-up, is a joint venture formed in the second quarter of 2012 by two Fortune 200 companies for the purpose consolidating diverse technology portfolios and improving health informatics solution offerings to hospitals and health care providers. As a start-up, Paradigm is still in the process of building a company culture understanding its social responsibility role within affected communities. Social responsibility is a form of corporate self-management that tightly integrates into the business model and operations of an organization. In practice, social responsibility encourages personnel at all levels of the company to not only consider the method of†¦show more content†¦The third consideration is the implementation of non-operational green initiatives. As previously mentioned, Paradigm leases office space within multiple major cities. Two specific concerns related to non-operational green initiatives that should be accommodated within a social responsibility strategy are: utilization of mass transit and flexible scheduling accommodations. In each United States based office, Paradigm’s facilities are located within one city block of a mass transit hub or interstate highway. Utilization of mass transit and public or privately sponsored carpooling programs reduce CO2 emissions and transit cost to personnel (Schmalenberg, 2013). In addition, companies intro ducing flexible scheduling options to personnel, such as four day work weeks or telecommuting, further reduce the impact of transportation emissions that negatively affect the environment. A social responsibility strategy that includes accommodations for non-operational green initiatives will positively affect the environment while promoting cost-saving collaboration among personnel. 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Role of Government in Encouraging Innovation Free Essays

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION 12/4/2011 Strategic Innovation Management Authored by Nandini Kapur (D326) Kanika Katyal (D325) ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION S T R AT E G I C I N N O VAT I O N M A N A G E M E N T Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Government in Encouraging Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 STATE INDUCED INCENTIVES FOR INNOVATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 TECHNOLOGY INCUBATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 SUPPORT INTERNATIONAL PATENT PROTECTION IN ELECTRONICS IT (SIP-EIT)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 MULTIPLIER GRANTS SCHEME †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 NATIONAL INNOVATION FOUNDATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION (TDPU) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Technology Development and Demonstration Program (TDDP) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Technopreneur Promotion Programme (TePP) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 ‘INNOVATION OF SCIENCE PURSUIT FOR INSPIRE RESEARCH (INSPIRE)’ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 CONCLUSION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 1 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Government plays a vital role in any national innovation system, in that it formulates policies that may or may not be conducive to business environment and may or may not reward entrepreneurial quest for innovative products. It further creates an institutional framework which may in varying degree support basic and advanced research in universities, industrial RD, and grass-root innovations including in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The Government also determines whether, in which industry sectors, and to which degree it welcomes foreign participation, e. g. in form of foreign direct investments (FDI) and whether or not it would like foreign firms to engage in RD activities on domestic soil. This paper describes the Government of India’s activities that influence, directly or indirectly – intentionally or unintentionally, India’s innovation system. It then moves on to how innovation can be encouraged in the country, and how the entire process can be expedited by Government’s role in policy making. Page 2 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION INTRODUCTION The inability of India to adequately provide for its own population no longer reflects a failure of implementation, but rather of a failure of innovation. In India, innovation is emerging as one of the most important rubrics in the discourse on how to bring about greater and more consistent economic and social development. One observes steadily growing investments in RD across the country, the setting up of national and state innovation bodies, as well as the introduction of government-sponsored innovation funds. Despite widespread agreement on the importance of innovation in India, there are wide gulfs between different conceptions of innovation and the path India that should take towards securing benefits through investments in innovation. India needs more frugal innovation that produces more frugal cost products and services that are affordable by people at low levels of incomes without compromising the safety, efficiency, and utility of the products. The country also needs processes of innovation that are frugal in the resources required to produce the innovations. The products and processes must also have frugal impact on the earth’s resources. The Government of any country plans and formulates policies that affect the business environment and its way of operation. Such policies can reward or deter entrepreneurial quest, can either encourage or be an impediment to innovation. Page 3 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY Since independence from the British rule in 1947, India has been investing a significant part of its resources, in creating quality institutions of higher education and research. In 1958 Indian Government passed a â€Å"Scientific Policy Resolution 1958†, which stated: â€Å"The key to national prosperity, apart from the spirit of the people, lies, in the modern age, in the effective combination of three factors, technology, raw materials and capital, of which the first is perhaps the most important, since the creation and adoption of new scientific techniques can, in fact, make up for a deficiency in natural resources, and reduce the demands on capital. But technology can only grow out of the study of science and its applications. † In keeping with this objective the Government has established a number of scientific publications in regional languages for school children and other groups in the society to increase scientific awareness in India. These publications are available to public at large mostly at subsidized, affordable rates. Finally, in 2003 a â€Å"Science and Technology Policy† was announced, which recognized â€Å"the changing context of the scientific enterprise†. The new policy has put greater emphasis on innovations to solve national problems on a sustainable basis. For this purpose it even ended the insistence on indigenous development of technology so as to master â€Å"national needs in the new era of globalization†. One of the concrete, declared objectives is â€Å"[t]o promote international science and technology cooperation towards achieving the goals of national development and security, and make it a key element of our international relations†. Dietrich Kebschull, India Representative of the German federal states of Hamburg and SchleswigHolstein said Indian Government has provided valuable backing for key high-tech sectors such as Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals, IT and IT-enabled sectors, e. g. by providing â€Å"extensive policy and infrastructural support† through setting up of technology parks and continuing strengthening of communication facilities. Indian Government actively tries to foster entrepreneurship, for instance by encouraging spin-offs of RD institutions to promote technology transfer. Increase of new ventures (e. g. start-ups) is an important Governmental aim. STATE INDUCED INCENTIVES FOR INNOVATION The Government has launched several innovation funding programs. According to information provided by the Technopreneur Promotion Programme (TePP) at Department of Scientific Industrial Research, ST budget has been increased significantly in previous years. â€Å"No project application†, recounts an official, â€Å"has been rejected on account of financial constraints†. 20 outreach centers have been established in various parts of the country to facilitate support programs. Whereas focus of the funding programs was up to 2007 as such on innovations and not on particular sectors, in the 11th Five-Year Plan (2008-2012) the focus is to be put on â€Å"niche technology areas† like nanotechnology, biotechnology and ICT. Page 4 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION The processing time for TePP applications is typically just 3 to 4 months with 20% acceptance rate. â€Å"Rejections†, asserts an official working with TePP, â€Å"are invariably given with feedback†. Another senior official in DST points out that all scientific ministries at administrative level are headed by scientists and technologists. The posting of scientists in key positions in Ministry of Science and Technology (MST), the nodal agency in the Government for funding innovation projects and incubating activities, says this official, are done deliberately to ensure that there is less bureaucracy in the functioning. To bring â€Å"grass-root level into contact with the formal sector, universities and other research centers†, a â€Å"National Innovation Foundation† had been established. In Dec. 2007, India’s Department of Telecom announced a USD 2. 5 billion package to fund innovations in communications technologies. Entrepreneurs, SMEs, universities and NGOs that have developed communication technologies may seek funding for the â€Å"commercial roll-out of their innovations†, especially those â€Å"linked to improving quality of services or making telecom operations more economical† Also the New Millennium India Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI) program is worth mentioning. This program has been launched with an intention to go â€Å"beyond today’s technology and seeks to build, capture and retain for India a leadership position by synergizing the best competencies of publicly funded RD institutions, academia and private industry† An official at German Embassy in New Delhi says local Government supports those foreign SMEs that don’t have enough resources to start their own RD units, by providing facilities / incubators, especially via research institutions like Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and Society for Innovation and Development (SID), both in Bangalore, to settle down in India and also to cooperate with local research institutes and firms. Additionally, India also offers tax incentives for RD operations in the country. For example, expenditure incurred on RD may be deducted from corporate taxes with a weighted average of 150%. For a detailed account of financial incentives, see DSIR (2006). TECHNOLOGY INCUBATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURS Department of Information Technology’s (DIT) Technological Incubation and Development of Entrepreneurs (TIDE) scheme was launched in the year 2008. The Scheme has multipronged approach in the area of Electronics, ICT and Management. Some of the broad objectives of the scheme include the following. ? Setting up and strengthening Technology Incubation Centres in institutions of higher learning, nurture Technology Entrepreneurship Development for commercial exploitation of technologies developed by them Promoting product oriented research and development ? Page 5 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION ? Encourage development of indigenous products and packages and bridging the gap between RD and commercialisation. At present the scheme is being implemented at 15 TIDE centers. Eventually the scheme proposes to support 27 TIDE centers and 2 virtual incubation centres over a period of 4 years. SUPPORT INTERNATIONAL PATENT PROTECTION IN ELECTRONICS IT (SIPEIT) SCHEME In order to encourage filing of international patents, a Scheme Support International Patent Protection in Electronics IT (SIP-EIT) has been put in place. The Scheme Supports International Patent Protection in Electronics IT by SMEs(Small and Medium Enterprises) and Technology Start-Up Companies. Under this scheme, SMEs and Technology Start-up units will be reimbursed up to 50% of actual costs, up to a maximum of Rs. 15 lakhs per application, incurred in filing international patent applications in Electronics and ICT domain for their indigenous inventions. Through this scheme DIT aims to encourage indigenous innovation and enable the companies to capture global opportunities in the area of Electronics and Information Technology. MULTIPLIER GRANTS SCHEME Multiplier Grants Scheme (MGS) encourages collaborative RD between industry and academics/ RD institutions for development of products and packages and bridge the gap between RD and commercialization. NATIONAL INNOVATION FOUNDATION The main goals include providing institutional support in scouting, spawning, sustaining and scaling up grassroots green innovations and helping their transition to self supporting activities. NIF seeks to achieve this goal by drawing upon the HoneyBee network and its collaborating partners. The Honeybee Network and Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technologies and Institutions (SRISTI) have been scouting innovations by farmers, artisans, women, etc. at the grassroots level. The Honey Bee database of 10,000 innovations, collected and documented by SRISTI, would be a part of the National Register of Innovations, is to be managed and supported by NIF. The primary objectives of NIF are to: ? ? ? Help India become an innovative and creative society and a global leader in sustainable technologies by scouting, spawning and sustaining grassroots innovations. Ensure evolution and diffusion of green grassroots innovation in a selective, time-bound and mission oriented basis so as to meet the socio-economic and environmental needs of society. Provide institutional support in scouting, spawning, sustaining and scaling up grassroots green innovations as well as outstanding traditional knowledge and helping their transition to self supporting activities. Page 6 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION ? Build linkages between excellence in formal scientific systems and informal knowledge systems and create a knowledge network to link various stakeholders through application of information technology and other means; etc. To meet its objectives in scouting, awarding and incubation of grassroot innovations, NIF has set up five dedicated departments to execute innovation to enterprise development models:? ? ? ? ? Scouting and Documentation Business Development and Micro Venture Value Addition and Research and Development Intellectual Property Management Dissemination and Information Technology Management TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION (TDPU) Aimed at promoting technology development and industrial research in the country as well as encouraging its utilization by various sections of economy, be it industry, academic, scientific institution and the society at large. The programmes and activities under this scheme are centered around promoting industrial RD; development and commercialization of technologies; acquisition, management and export of technologies; promotion of consultancy capabilities; etc. Under TDPU Programme, there is one very important programme component called â€Å"Technology Development and Innovation Programme (TDIP)†, which aims to develop technologies and promote innovation in the country. TDIP is sub-divided into 2 programmes, namely:- Technology Development and Demonstration Pr ogram (TDDP) It was earlier known as ‘Programme Aimed at Technological Self-reliance (PATSER)’. It is a plan scheme of Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) to promote industry’s efforts in development and demonstration of indigenous technologies, development of capital goods and absorption of imported technologies. That is, its broad objectives for achieving self-sufficiency in industrial growth are:? ? Supporting industry for technology absorption, development and demonstration. Building indigenous capabilities for development and commercialisation of contemporary products and process of high impact. ? Involvement of national research organisations in joint projects with industry. ? Technology evaluation in selected sectors. To achieve such objectives, DSIR provides on a selective basis partial financial support to research, development, design nd engineering (RDDE) projects proposed by industry in the following areas: ? Development and Demonstration of new or improved product and process technologies including those for specialized capital goods, for both domestic and export markets. ? Absorption and up gradation of imported technology. Page 7 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION The partial financial support by DSIR is primarily meant for covering expenditure involved in prototype development and pilot plant work, test and evaluation of products flowing from such RD, user trials, etc. Bulks of costs of the project are from the industry’s resources. Technopreneur Promotion Programme (TePP) It was launched to tap the vast innovative potential of the citizen of India. TePP is a mechanism to promote individual innovators to become technology-based entrepreneurs (Technopreneurs). Thus, its main objectives are to:? ? ? Promote and support untapped creativity of individual innovators. Assist the individual innovators to become technology based entrepreneurs. Assist the technopreneur in networking and forge linkages with other constituents of the innovation chain for commercialization of their developments. The activities under TePP include providing financial support to selected and screened individual innovators having original ideas for converting them into working models, prototypes and so on. TePP assistance is provided to the innovator to meet expenditure on the following: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? RD/Engineering consultancy Procure small equipment, tools etc. required Raw Material/ Accessories (for prototype/process trials), Fabrication cost (for prototypes) Patent guidance and support Manpower Testing Trials any other relevant costs TePP support to the innovators is limited to 90% of the total cost of the project and remaining 10% is to be borne by the innovator/inventor. ‘INNOVATION OF SCIENCE PURSUIT FOR INSPIRE RESEARCH (INSPIRE)’ It is another such innovative programs proposed by the Department of Science and Technology for attraction of talent to science. The basic objective of INSPIRE would be to communicate to the youth population of the country the excitements of creative pursuit of science and attract talent to the study of science at an early stage and build the required critical human resource pool for strengthening and expanding the Science Technology system and RD base. INSPIRE Scheme has included three components. They are: (i) Scheme for Early Attraction of Talents for Science (SEATS); (ii) Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE); and (iii) Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC). Page 8 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION CONCLUSION There is a large pool of technically-trained personnel in India, but its density of Research Scientists and Engineers (RSEs) is one of the lowest. However, there is no appreciation of this issue as a problem in policy circles. The country has very few research grants specifically for the enterprise sector. Even those that it has are largely utilised by public sector enterprises. The technological infrastructure of the country is fairly sophisticated (at least by Developing Country standards). The network of laboratories under the umbrella of the CSIR forms an important component of this technological infrastructure. The interaction of these labs with the enterprise sector, despite efforts to enhance it, is still very low. Part of the difficulty arises from the low demand for innovations from the enterprise sector. Tax incentives are not very popular because of their How to cite Role of Government in Encouraging Innovation, Papers

Poetry Gone Bad Essay Example For Students

Poetry Gone Bad Essay The gun I carry no use, no need for it at all, my grip does not fail. How can a distant sun seem so hot. Why am I here?. The heat seems to gust through my body feeling so weak, the shout goes out one bullet I could take him out. Mouth so dry blisters form inside. Why am I here?. Am I here to be a hero?. No to risky want to stay alive. Am I here to carry my countries flag?. Is my country better than yours?. I cannot remember my country its been a long time its far away in my mind. Who they fight us we are here to help. I feel that I have failed my brothers in arms Just to doubt the reasons for me been ere. My fallen brothers and sisters I salute you. I am sorry you are gone. My fall enemies I am Just sorry. Those who know me back home, soon I hope I will return. But be prepared for I am a changed man. Hard Times See Some Light I know sometimes it may seem hard, never seem to play the right cards, always FL place to hide never wish to see another day, but believe me I am telling you the try no need to fly away . You can find a brighter day Once Look at you once so proud now crawling along the ground. Once so big you stood so tall to me, but now you have fallen. Sometimes I see you from a distance. I hide my face looking at your large disgrace. The drugs dont work look at you now a fallen bitter sow Crying on the floor do you know who you are who you were or where you have fall from. But no you do not know and carry on fallen soon to be forgotten. MAD Mad, mad as hell can you not tell. Why is everything I do so wrong but if you do it to me well Just carry on. Just take the pips out of me go on I can take it. Although my heart you Just break it. Sometimes we do things we do not like. Sometimes we run from our life. Sometimes we Just stand and fight and sometimes life can be a fright. Sometimes we mean what we say then wish we had not said what we meant that day. Sometimes we fall. Sometimes you can stand tall but mostly we fall. Sometimes life Just gets you down all look on with a frown. Sometimes we find love and sometimes we lose it. Sometimes we cry sometimes your eyes never seem dry. Remember this though as you live on its all Just sometimes Look at me here I am Can you see why are you looking right through me. Look at me here I am Holding out a wanton hand. Look at me fading away I will not return any day Will Nobody told me Just how hard it would be when you set me free. I felt low when I coked into your eyes, through you once big disguise. All along you lied. Maybe time will change me but I walk away. Time they say heals the pain but I miss you all the same. So what am I, how do I feel. Why is life so real. So what am I which way do I turn What is left for me to learn How do I feel wrong, right, ready to start another fight. All trouble and strife my mixed up life. All my dreams Just seem to fall. All the choices that I made a love in decay as all my dreams Just fade. Can I look for another game to play. But I am Just a lonely heart starring at the rain, a heart that tells me to feel this pain, UT how. I do not feel real, I try to breath slowly and calm to show I am strong, why did you do me wrong. I seem to drift through life in slow motion walking away a lost ship at sea with no place to be. Like nightmarish monsters everything you say hurts my mind through every door pain I find. Every face your mirror looking at me why did you set me free. I no longer feel any other pain. I take all the blame its my fault all of this though I know I am not, filled by shame. But I still feel the same, broken full of pain. But I Just walk away till the sun sets on this dismal day. Maybe one day I will see hope a far away goal with this tormented mind of a simple lost soul.. 4 Bad days are here again. I thought my world had changed but it all seems the same. I had settled down to another let down the day the letter came. It was from you about you and never mentioned my name. Just saying hello once. Hope you are well then telling me things you did not need to tell. I am so happy you are getting on with your life you mixed up cow. So happy things worked out so well. So I write back and tell how good I feel through tear ridden eyes. How happy I am deep down inside. Yeah guess what I Just lied When an Angels tears turn to rain you feel the fear you see the pain. When you cry I will stand by with my shoulder that you can try. Though each dusty storm may come my heart will always be. Because we are what is meant you see. Hold me can you believe, I will be there Just give me a call. I will catch you when you fall. Hated. Hit to the ground punch by punch pound for pound. I try my best but nobody sees it. No more the proud one standing tall, Just in the ring ready for the fall. silly man you are to old you have well missed the goal. I try to stand my knees feel weak my temper has faded I feel bleak. Just one more go another smack another broken nose. Eyes all blurry where has he gone swinging those punches feeling the anger COME ON!. The bell it rings I take on water should I carry on do you think I ought to. I am told come on Just one more round. I can barely here a sound. I am pushed up made to stand why was I put on this land. Come on legs come on hands hit something. I see this big man steaming toward me nowhere I can run, nowhere I can hide. Have to stand tall find my pride one right swing and you could win. Come on boy you can do it. I feel it coming along a new feeling something strong. Poetry analysis on "How Do I Love Thee" and "Sonnet XVIII" EssayNothing ever seemed to matter with us. But I see us changing into something I do not understand. I feel you slipping far from my hand. You keep moving far away, to you it does not seem to matter. Our whole world about to shatter, nothing seems to bother you at all. 12 The Political Man slams down his hands. I was not wrong to go to send this country to war. Then those hands hold his head, never forgotten those lost or dead. The Political Man never been to war never fought at all. His only Enemy the people before him as he gained his power. The political Man will he will stand to tell his side of the tale. From his mouth a voice so stale. The Political Man, the Man you cannot stand people killed by his hand. Brothers, sisters, mothers and fathers. The sons, daughters and wives husbands and lovers. Mr. Political man help me understand. Can you put your hand on your heart and tell me, why it was your war to start?. Mr. Political man if you had to go to the line, in your voice, you would not make that choice?. Kith nor Kin Mr. Political man, would you send in. I cannot say a word, unable to speak I do not want to speak words of hatred Not one word can leave my mouth. If I think of such things, in your eyes is considered a crime. I am but a simple man, a voice of insight that I am not allowed to share. If I was to say such things our worlds would collide and your fury would end me. So I sit here silent. But I do have a mind and I can think, and what I would say to you if I could. You would be told that you are wrong that your God and my God are the same. It is our religion and to it you bring pure shame. A God would not produce a world of hatred the hatred is purely in your heart. The man that looks into the words of God and will change the meaning to his own ends. He calls you a soldier and soon you will ascend. Would a God want you a destroyer of what he has created. Tomorrow you travel with your weapon at hand. It will destroy you and your mankind. A woman a child anyone who is around you. And when you do this you will also be gone. Now do you think its you the gates will open upon. And the shame that I feel while you do this, though my heart it really does sink deeper than you would ever think. When we were young you a little older. I remember the times I cried upon your shoulder. The times we laughed till our sides were sore, the flying of kites outdoors. I reflect once again goodbye my brother, my best friend. The Delights off Quilt Laying in bed weary with a sleepy head. Thunder lightning crash outside as it seems two worlds collide. Rain tapping hard on my window, but I do not lift this head from my pillow. Here I am safe warm and coos and maybe a little lazy. I lie here as nature takes its course still calm and happy inside, thankful I am not in that weather outside. My eyes will see such a wonder as I drift into this well earned slumber. Hindsight If I let this go it will hurt me. If I stand my ground and shout in anger we all get hurt. If my mind is given time to cool then we will not fade through this. Give me time and babe we could work this. Please Just give me time to straighten this mind. Do not stand here and shout abuse, I know it is your nature. Do not stand here fuming the fire in me. Do as I do take a step away give a solution a thought. Hold your hand calm you soul. A life filled with anger is no place for us, things are said wrongly and regrettably. So steady your mind calm and cool is the order. MY City It has all changed, from when I was a lad. I came back for one last stand on its luxurious lawns. But look it has all changed. I suppose thing never remain the same. Thats the trouble with the building game. The old places and shops have gone, the future moved them all on. Housing has moved to the outskirts of town, its enough to make this man frown. I remember all of it when it was Just pure green land, now its filled with cement and sand. The truth be told soon we will all pass, the generation that remembers all the green grass. Nobody left to tell you how it was, so you will Just except it Just because. What to do now, Just what should I do. Should I take this tablet and seek out life thats new. What should I do, should I take it or not, if I do it may give me gut rot. But they tell me it may make me better, but then again it may not. This treatment is new, it may cure what you got, am I your Guiana Pig is this part of your plot. Bloody Doctor should I take it or not, its entirely up to you is that all you got. No take it, I promise you will get better, go on take it I will confirm it in a legal letter But truth be told and this is completely true, you can take it or not its entirely up to you. 16 MUM When the time sadness comes. She will whisper in my ear she will make me feel steady again. Any heartache that I find, she will be there for me once again. For years I woke up to the sound of your voice, it would sooth my soul Just knowing you were there.

Oskar Kokoschka Essays (945 words) - Wiener Werksttte,

Oskar Kokoschka Oskar Kokoschka Kokoschka was born in P^chlarn, a Danube town, on March 1, 1886. He studied at the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts from 1905 to 1908. As an early exponent of the avant-garde expressionist movement, he began to paint psychologically penetrating portraits of Viennese physicians, architects, and artists. Among these works are Hans Tietze and Erica Tietze-Conrat (1909, Museum of Modern Art, New York City), August Forel (1910, Mannheim Art Gallery, Germany), and Self-Portrait (1913, Museum of Modern Art). Kokoschka was wounded in World War I (1914-1918) and diagnosed as psychologically unstable. He taught art at the Dresden Academy from 1919 to 1924. During this time he painted The Power of Music (1919, Dresden Paintings Collection, Dresden). A succeeding seven-year period of travel in Europe and the Middle East resulted in a number of robust, brilliantly colored landscapes and figure pieces, painted with great freedom and exuberance. Many of them are views of harbors, mountains, and cities. Kokoschka, one of the artists denounced by the Nazi government of Germany as degenerate, moved in 1938 to England, where he painted antiwar pictures during World War II (1939-1945) and became a British subject in 1947. After the war he visited the United States and settled in Switzerland. He died in Montreux on February 22, 1980. Best known as a painter, Kokoschka was also a writer. His literary works include poetry and plays not translated into English and a collection of short stories, A Sea Ringed with Visions (1956; translated 1962). His father was a silversmith from Prague who experienced financial difficulties when the market for such handcrafted goods dried out with mass industrialization. Oskar^s exposure to his father^s craftsmanship, however, was said to play a large part in his art and enthusiasm for craftsmanship. In 1908, a book called The Dreaming Youths was published, and it featured illustrations by Kokoschka. They were done in a style that was indebted to Gustav Klimt, whose Secession group was going strong at the time. Kokoschka was teaching at the School of Arts and Crafts where he had studied himself under Franz Cizek. Cizek was among the first to recognize the young artist^s talents. In Vienna, Kokoschka wrote dramas such as The Assassin, Murderer, and The Hope of Women; and they, along with his art, were considered too radical for the aristocracy. Despite support from architect Adolf Loos and good reaction from his participation in the 1908 and 1909 exhibits at the Kunstschau, Vienna was not kind to Kokoschka. In 1910, he moved to Berlin. In Berlin, he got the help of Herwarth Walden, the founder and editor of the art journal Der Sturm and a proponent of Expressionism. Until the outset of World War I, Kokoschka painted portraits of German (and Austrian) intelligentsia in a style he called black painting, as they, in his words, painted the soul^s dirtiness. His portrait of poet Peter Altenberg, made in 1909, has the figure almost blending into the frame^s Expressionist background; and his portraits of Count Verona, Joseph de Montesquiou-Ferendac and Walden himself are textbook examples of the Expressionist, swirling, Van Gough-like images that evoked a sense of decadence. Between 1912 and 1914, Kokoschka had a relationship with Alma Mahler, the widow of composer Gustav Mahler. She was a woman of great influence who had inspired no less than poet Rainer Maria Rilke, and was involved also with Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius. After World War I broke out, Kokoschka volunteered for the Imperial and Royal 15th Dragoons, and in 1915 he was sent to the front, where he was seriously injured. He was hospitalized several times in both Vienna and Stockholm and was discharged from military service in 1916. In 1919, he was appointed to a professorship at the Dresden Academy, and when he left the Academy in 1924 he traveled for a decade through Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. He then stayed a while in the artistic quarter of Paris, but he never felt at home in that environment. Eventually, he returned to Vienna, where he completed Vienna, View From the Wilhelminberg for the Vienna Municipal Council. In 1934, Kokoschka moved to Prague after being alarmed by political developments in Germany and Austria. There he met Olda Pavlovska, who would later become his wife, and also Thomas Masaryk, the first president of the Czech Republic. In Prague, he voiced his displeasure with the Nazi regime in Germany; and as a result, his work was considered degenerate art by the Nazis. When Germany annexed Austria in 1938 and occupied Czechoslovakia that same year, Kokoschka fled to England with Olda. Kokoschka sold and donated

Definition and Examples of a Polar Bond in Chemistry

Definition and Examples of a Polar Bond in Chemistry Chemical bonds may be classified as being either polar or nonpolar. The difference is how the electrons in the bond are arranged. Polar Bond Definition A polar bond is a covalent bond between two atoms where the electrons forming the bond are unequally distributed. This causes the molecule to have a slight electrical dipole moment where one end is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative. The charge of the electric dipoles is less than a full unit charge, so they are considered partial charges and denoted by delta plus (ÃŽ ´) and delta minus (ÃŽ ´-). Because positive and negative charges are separated in the bond, molecules with polar covalent bonds interact with dipoles in other molecules. This produces dipole-dipole intermolecular forces between the molecules.Polar bonds are the dividing line between pure covalent bonding and pure ionic bonding. Pure covalent bonds (nonpolar covalent bonds) share electron pairs equally between atoms. Technically, nonpolar bonding only occurs when the atoms are identical to each other (e.g., H2 gas), but chemists consider any bond between atoms with a difference in electronegativity les s than 0.4 to be a nonpolar covalent bond. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are nonpolar molecules. In ionic bonds, the electrons in the bond are essentially donated to one atom by the other (e.g., NaCl). Ionic bonds form between atoms when the electronegativity difference between them is greater than 1.7. Technically ionic bonds are completely polar bonds, so the terminology can be confusing. Just remember a polar bond refers to a type of covalent bond where electrons arent equally shared and electronegativity values are slightly different. Polar covalent bonds form between atoms with an electronegativity difference between 0.4 and 1.7. Examples of Molecules with Polar Covalent Bonds Water (H2O) is a polar bonded molecule. The electronegativity value of oxygen is 3.44, while the electronegativity of hydrogen is 2.20. The inequality in electron distribution accounts for the bent shape of the molecule. The oxygen side of the molecule has a net negative charge, while the two hydrogen atoms (on the other side) have a net positive charge. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is another example of a molecule that has a polar covalent bond. Fluorine is the more electronegative atom, so the electrons in the bond are more closely associated with the fluorine atom than with the hydrogen atom. A dipole forms with the fluorine side having a net negative charge and the hydrogen side having a net positive charge. Hydrogen fluoride is a linear molecule because there are only two atoms, so no other geometry is possible. The ammonia molecule (NH3) has polar covalent bonds between the nitrogen and hydrogen atoms. The dipole is such that the nitrogen atom is more negatively charged, with the three hydrogen atoms all on one side of the nitrogen atom with a positive charge. Which Elements Form Polar Bonds? Polar covalent bonds form between two nonmetal atoms that have sufficiently different electronegativities from each other. Because the electronegativity values are slightly different, the bonding electron pair isnt equally shared between the atoms. For example, polar covalent bonds typically form between hydrogen and any other nonmetal. The electronegativity value between metals and nonmetals is large, so they form ionic bonds with each other.

Chemical Reaction - Chemistry Definition

Chemical Reaction - Chemistry Definition A chemical reaction is a chemical change which forms new substances. A chemical reaction may be represented by a chemical equation, which indicates the number and type of each atom, as well as their organization into molecules or ions. A chemical equation uses the element symbols as shorthand notation for the elements, with arrows to indicate the direction of the reaction. A conventional reaction is written with reactants on the left side of the equation and products on the right side. The state of matter of the substances may be indicated in parenthesis (s for solid, l for liquid, g for gas, aq for aqueous solution). The reaction arrow may go from left to right or there may be a double arrow, indicating reactants turn to products and some product undergoes the reverse reaction to reform reactants. While chemical reactions involves atoms, typically only the electrons are involved in the breaking and formation of chemical bonds. Processes involving the atomic nucleus are called nuclear reactions. The substances that participate in a chemical reaction are called reactants. The substances that are formed are called products. The products have different properties from the reactants. Also Known As: reaction, chemical change Chemical Reaction Examples The chemical reaction H2(g)  ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) describes the formation of water from its elements. The reaction between iron and sulfur to form iron(II) sulfide is another chemical reaction, represented by the chemical equation: 8 Fe S8 → 8 FeS Types of Chemical Reactions There are countless reactions, but they can be grouped into four basic categories: Synthesis Reaction In a synthesis or combination reaction, two or more reactants combine to form a more complex product. The general form of the reaction is: A B → AB Decomposition Reaction A decomposition reaction is the reverse of a synthesis reaction. In a decomposition, a complex reactant breaks into simpler products. The general form of a decomposition reaction is: AB → A B Single Replacement Reaction In a single replacement or single displacement reaction, one uncombined element replaces another in a compound or trades places with it. The general form of a single replacement reaction is: A BC  Ã¢â€ â€™ AC B Double Replacement Reaction In a double replacement or double displacement reaction, the anions and cations of the reactants trade places with each other two form new compounds. The general form of a double replacement reaction is: AB CD  Ã¢â€ â€™ AD CB Because there are so many reactions, there are additional ways to categorize them, but these other classes will still fall into one of the four main groups. Examples of other classes of reactions include oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, acid-base reactions, complexation reactions, and precipitation reactions. Factors That Affect Reaction Rate The rate or speed at which a chemical reaction occurs is affected by several factors, including: reactant concentrationsurface areatemperaturepressurepresence or absence of catalystspresence of light, especially ultraviolet lightactivation energy

Pressure Ulcers Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pressure Ulcers Risk Management - Essay Example Apart from being static in a position there are some other reasons responsible for this like fragility of skin, chronic problems like diabetes, lack of nourishment, mental disability, incontinence or old age. Pressure ulcer management has definitely changed dramatically over the last 3 decades or so. Earlier, pressure ulcers did not receive much attention and they were treated with betadine, maalox, heat lamps and there were no low air loss beds. After the works of Braden and Bergstrom, pressure ulcers began to receive the attention deserved. Still lot of work is yet to be done to get the word out. That is why this project needs to be taken up. In year 2000-2002, there were 474,692 new cases of pressure ulcer( Patient safety in American Hospitals, Health Grades 2004) it is about 0.17% incidence rate. Out of this 13.13% of pressure ulcer cases resulted in death. 34,320 deaths due to pressure ulcer were attributable to patient safety. It also has a cost factor to it. In the year 200-2002 in US, $2,574.02 million were spent to treat pressure ulcers. At the same time $2.57 were spent to prevent pressure ulcer. (WD) Regulatory agencies such as CMS, JCAHO & the State Departments of Health consider pressure ulcers to be preventable and so nosocomial pressure ulcers are the fault of the facility or agency in which they occur. Nursing Homes receive citations, fines and even criminal charges for these types of wounds. Patients sue facilities and nurses and win. This is such a hot topic that all the agencies that deal with this problem are busy updating information, preventative measures and heightened awareness. If a streamlined process can be developed that addresses education and a nursing focused approach, perhaps we will see a drop in pressure ulcers. The National Pressure Ulcer Advisor Panel (NPUAP) has recently (Feb 2007) released some updates. The staging system was updated to both clarify the four stages AND name deep tissue injury into the staging system. They have also added the definition of pressure redistribution to replace the old pressure reduction and pressure relief definitions. Thi s was mainly due to new findings associated with shearing injuries.CMS is changing reimbursement on nosocomial pressure ulcers. Basically, CMS will reimburse to acute care facilities for pressure ulcers if the patient was admitted with the pressure ulcer, but if it is a nosocomial pressure ulcer then CMS will not pay. JCAHO has added pressure ulcers to the 2008 National Patient Safety Goal list for long term care:- "Goal 14 Prevent health care-associated pressure ulcers (decubitus ulcers). 14A Assess and periodically reassess each resident's risk for developing a pressure ulcer (decubitus ulcer) and take action to address any identified risks." Braden scale Braden Scale is a clinically validated tool used in the medical profession to get a reliable score of the risk level for developing pressure ulcers in a patient. With its help even those nurses who do not have uniform level of experience and capacity of judgment, can have consistency in identifying the risk level of the patient. This also helps them to monitor their patient care in a busy schedule. It also helps them to pay appropriate attention to the six specific risk factors.

Same-Sex Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Same-Sex Marriage - Essay Example ause of children as they are a shared responsibility and without children husband and wife do not share any big responsibilities, which weakens their bond instead of strengthening it. George makes another argument that to ground marriage laws on the moral judgment of heterosexual and monogamous marriages is correct. He argues that since law is considered as a teacher, if it remains silent or neutral regarding marriages, then people would misunderstand the true meaning and essence of marriage. â€Å"It may harm people who need the reinforcement of the broader culture so that they are not distracted and lose their ability to â€Å"see the true meaning of marriage†, argues George (647). I agree with George’s criticism about same-sex marriages when he states that it is a union of man and women instead of two men or two women. I believe that heterosexual spouses unite in marital sexual activity for the goal of reproducing children but this unity brings longevity to their sp iritual happiness and strengthens their bonding for the rest of their lives. The goal of having children is not instrumental. This goal unites the two parents into such a bond that they find peace in being with each other, which is necessary to motivate them to make efforts for their children’s well-being. These children are not treated as ends in themselves because they are a source of spiritual and emotional strengthening of the bond between their heterosexual parents. This is not true in case of same-sex marriages because there is no emotional bond that needs to be strengthened- the bond that forms as a result of sexual intercourse, pregnancy and offspring. I also agree that if law does not restrict same-sex marriages or remains quiet, then such marriages will become very common resulting in destroying... This essay talks about a sensitive issue of same-sex marriages. The debate between supporters and opponents of same-sex marriages has been around for a fairly long period of time. The earliest known gay rights organization is the Society for Human Rights in Chicago that was established in 1924 and launched the first gay rights movement. After that, the Mattachine Society was established in 1950. History reveals that a number of organizations and movements have been launched at state level which support gay rights which include ceremonial marriages, child adoption, domestic partnership registration on public record, domestic partnership affidavit given by employers to gay employees that defines the couple’s economic relationship, health care, insurance, lawsuits, and property. An analysis of George’s criticisms reveals many facts that are agreeable to someone who wants the true definition of marriage to sustain. George claims that marriage is a bond between man and woman with the purpose of reproducing offspring and also of sharing responsibilities that tends to enhance mutual love and caring through sexual act and spiritual bond. He argues that legalization of same-sex marriages would deteriorate the society morally. Bolte, contrarily, argues that if marriage means bearing children, then the marriages of opposite-sex couples not bearing children are also not legal. She states many advantages of same-sex marriages, one of which is that this enables gays and lesbians to be accepted as normal individuals of the society.

Quality of Life for the Patient and Family Essay Example for Free

Quality of Life for the Patient and Family Essay Quality of life has a different meaning for everyone. Many personal thoughts and feelings can come into play when caring for others during the end stages of life. However as a nurse and caregiver, these opinions must be put aside at this significant time. For some health care providers, we may feel that keeping the patient comfortable and having them surrounded by family is most important. However, for the patient, personal culture, lifestyle and value for one self as well as a sense of independence in handling this time alone is most imperative. Therefor a nurse must consider the individuals past experiences, present lifestyle and personal hopes in which they choose to live in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns at this stage. One must meet not only the physical needs of the patient but the psychosocial demands in this sensitive time of need. Seeking aggressive medical treatment vs. palliative care is something that is very personal and differs from individual to individual. Nurses’ opinions and suggestions of the â€Å"best care† should not be voiced to the patient or family, even if asked directly. For Mrs. Thomas, time also plays an important role. She is young and may have many other worries than those of an older age experience in preparing for end of life. A nurse must consider what areas of life are important to her and what is the relative importance of each of these areas. Personal perception that counting on family support is huge, but may not be possible in Mrs. Thomas’ situation as her children live out of town. STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE The nurse should look at several strategies that directly impact the patient as well as the family. Quality of life not only looks at the health status the patient but those directly involved in the care of the patient. This encompasses a broader set of planning including finances, housing, and employment. This will have a direct impact on the entire family. Three important strategies that are helpful to relieve overall stress and promote optimal coping skills include: 1) patient awareness of disease process, 2) available support from healthcare providers and 3) addressing physical as well as the psychosocial needs of the patient. Healthcare professionals must be prepared and speak directly with the patient and family when it is determined best to the physician’s ability, that the identified disease of breast cancer will cause death. Advance planning and preparation may be helpful in dying well if Mrs. Thomas is more aware about her status of disease. Physicians and nurses must change the plan of aggressive medical treatments of curing the disease of breast cancer and concentrate providing support and a comfortable well being of the deteriorating disease process. This in turn should provide a plan of care for relief of pain, contentment to the patient and focus on the overall whole being of quality of life. The homecare team can include doctors, nurses, home health aides, social workers, and clergy as well as trained volunteers. Most team members provide on-call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to deliver support. The patient and family should feel the comfort in calling these resources at anytime. The nurse must remind Mrs. Thomas and her husband that they are not â€Å"bothering† any team member by asking for assistance. The team must always work together and communicate the patient’s goals for end-of-life care. It is important for all to realize this is very individualized for each patient and family member. Each individual strategy should include caring for the whole person physically, emotionally, socially and spiritually. It important for the team to develop strengths based perspectives of psychosocial interventions and listen to what the patient and family have to say to enable them to cope better. In doing so, the team must also communicate on each encounter with Mrs. Thomas and family as well as each other to assure that her and the husband’s needs are being met. HOLISTIC CARE A holistic nursing care plan in valuable in delivering care to the entire person in supporting the physical, mental, spiritual, emotional, social and environmental needs. With this approach, nursing care needs to move away from viewing Mrs. Thomas as merely a diagnosis and treating her as a whole person. Nursing goals should be to develop immediate trust with the patient and family, provide comfort, supportive care, and symptom management. This can be achieved by effective communication and providing a calm, relaxed setting for Mrs. Thomas. Allowing her to speak openly and honestly about her feelings and emotions of grief, physical complaints such as pain, nausea, and difficulty sleeping is a good way to start to develop a trusting nurse/patient relationship. As a nurse, one must be supportive and be willing to listen openly. Once Mrs. Thomas begins to express these types of things, the nurse must review and evaluate every visit to improve specific concerns with her. More importantly, healthcare providers must display an openness to hear new concerns and prioritize the needs of the patient and family. FUNCTIONAL ABILITY Assessments to maintain the self functional ability for Mrs. Thomas should include creating a plan to achieve realistic goals and allow self care as long as possible. This in turn can give control back to Mrs. Thomas, help raise confidence and value her quality of life. Mrs. Thomas’ physical, social and environmental conditions should also be considered to help her care for herself. Discussing the 24/7 availability of visits from registered nurses and social workers, involving family and friends or volunteers that can help with running errands and meal preparation for adequate dietary intake, and discussing appropriate medical equipment to assist with ADLs such as performing personal hygiene can prove to be helpful. PROVIDING ADDITIONAL CARE When self-care is no longer possible, the importance of more frequent nurse and/or social worker visits, and interaction of clergy is valuable. In addition, further involvement of additional family, friends, home health aides or volunteers to assist not only with running errands, meal preparation and assistance with ADLs but being present in the home for longer periods to care directly for Mrs. Thomas becomes more imperative. The nurse can assist in making sure appropriate DME equipment is in the home. In addition, this turns out to be a time when additional emotional support is of great concern for Mr. Thomas. CHRONIC DEPRESSION Mr. Thomas already suffers from chronic depression and now has to endure immense and continuous stress to care for his wife with advanced breast cancer. Over time this takes a toll his health, ability to work, finances, and their own personal and family needs. Involvement of not only the nurse, but also social worker and bereavement counselor can help Mr. Thomas tremendously. Encouraging him to take his medications will help both him and his wife. Also, reassurance that it is okay to want quiet time and allowing others to help to care for his wife should be verbalized to him in a caring manner. Taking some of the financial worries away from Mr. Thomas may help as well. The social worker can discuss resources that are of no cost from community volunteer organizations and review the reimbursement of covered services from the insurance organization at the beginning and in ongoing care of his wife. Sharing the right information with the patient’s family is very important and can assist in better coping. Again, the home care team must offer an environment that provides the openness to hear all concerns and overall needs of not only the patient but also her family.

Malignant Hyperthermia Essay -- Medical Biology Disease

Malignant Hyperthermia Abstract A patient, waiting to undergo his cardiac surgery, is lying on a surgical platform. An anesthesiologist enters the surgical room and injects some general anesthetics into the patient’s bloodstream. The patient appears normal until after a few minutes, the patient suddenly experiences increasing body temperatures leading to a high fever, muscle rigidity, and increased heart rate. The anesthesiologist is perturbed, runs out of the surgery room, and alerts the surgical staff of the patient’s alarming symptoms. The surgical staff identifies the symptoms as Malignant Hyperthermia. What exactly is Malignant Hyperthermia and how is it caused? Malignant Hyperthermia, a rare skeletal muscular disease found in humans, pigs, horses, and many other animals, is a channelopathy caused by abnormal calcium channels. This paper serves to investigate the problems within the specific ion channels known to cause the disease. The goal of the paper is to understand more about Malignant Hyperthermia and about how particular ion channels associated with the disease operate. Learning about the chemistry behind the disease is crucial in order to prevent future occurrences of Malignant Hyperthermia and to design new treatments. Introduction Malignant hyperthermia is a fatal, inherited disorder that affects less than 200,000 people in the United States. [1] As mentioned in the abstract, Malignant Hyperthermia is channelopathy, or a disease caused by mutations in channel protein genes. Malignant Hyperthermia is triggered by anesthetics, which includes common inhalants, and by medication containing succinylcholine, a substance often used as a muscle relaxant in emergency medicines. [2] After the initial ... ...anodine receptor-Ca2+ release channels in malignant hyperthermia." Biophys J. 73(4) Oct 1997 29. Jul 2008 . [8] Jiang, Dawei, Wenqian Chen1, Jianmin Xiao, Ruiwu Wang, Huihui Kong, Peter P. Jones, Lin Zhang, Bradley Fruen, and S. R. Wayne Chen. "Reduced Threshold for Luminal Ca2+ Activation of RyR1 Underlies a Causal Mechanism of Porcine Malignant Hyperthermia." J. Biol. Chem. Vol. 283, Issue 3025 July 2008. 29 Jul 2008 . [9] Korf, Bruce R. "Korf Genetics." Human Genetics and Genomics . Blackwell Publishing. 29 Jul 2008 . [10] Millar, 2007. Cerebrospinal Fluid Research. 29 Jul 2008 .

Poem of William Caslos William

POEM (WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS) William Carlos Williams is a pioneer who creates a whole new realm in American poetry. He is regarded as an important and influential poet because of his unique and usually plain style. The poem â€Å"Poem† is one of the most prominent poems reflecting Williams’ style of writing. In this piece of work, Williams discusses a central contrast between the mortality of life and immortality of art through the image of two roses – in nature and in poetry. It can be said that life is symbolized by the rose, the central image and also the main theme of â€Å"Poem†.The real rose and unreal one are skillfully used to represent two factors: the reality and the art. In nature, a rose which cannot avoid the cycle of time undergoes stages of nature rules. First, it germinates from a seed. Then, it grows up and blooms or blossoms. Next, it fades or discolored. Finally, it dies. â€Å"The rose fades – And is renewed again – By its seed naturally† (Williams, 1983). The issue of the rose fading show that life, no matter what forms, follows the nature changing rule and eventually fades away.Meanwhile, Williams uses the image of the rose in poem to respect the art because the real rose will fade naturally but the rose of art keeps an ever-lasting beauty: â€Å"Save in the poem – shall it go – to suffer no diminution – of its splendor† (Williams, 1983). Generally, the whole poem presents the central contrast of nature versus art, death versus life and cycle of time versus perfection that lasts forever. With respect to the highlighted image of the rose in poetry, it can not be touch but lives forever and remains perfect, fresh, young, and beautiful regardless of time.It has the empowerment of splendor, perfection, and immortality. In fact, Williams’ intention after his words of praising the power of the rose in poem is to advocate the power of art in general. It seems th at the poet gives prominence to art whose role is to inspire and guide people through curves of life thanks to its beauty and significance of teaching truth, giving beauty and pleasure, shaping moral characters, showing power of language and showing human experience.

Communication & Emoticons Essay

Communication through the use of computer and the Internet used to be impersonal and largely for business-related tasks. With the formation of chat rooms, social interaction in the Internet became commonplace even creating a culture of its own. This culture evolved to include emoticons as a way of expressing emotions that otherwise would have been impossible to show. Emoticons become the electronic equivalent of a person’s reactions that could only be shown in a face-to-face interaction. In business communication, emoticons are seldom used unless the correspondents are close acquaintances. If they are used, it is often limited to the smiley icon to soften what otherwise would sound a stern message. In chat rooms and informal communications, more than 50 emoticons are available to make the conversation or message come alive. A person can use an emoticon for being angry, pleased, confused, sarcastic, and surprised using icons that are already made embedded in chat rooms or e-mail servers. Other emoticons can also be made using a few key strokes. While emoticons have become part of electronic interaction, many people still could not understand their use and implication. Often, only the Internet savvy use emoticons among themselves. In the older generation, emoticons in e-mail messages do not illicit the same response, rather, they could be the possible source of confusion. D’Addario says in a research article that the smiley faces, one type of emoticon, does not affect the emotional response of most e-mail message readers. This indicates that while emoticons have become part of electronic social communication, its impact on people would vary. Some people may find themselves understanding the mood of the party, others will be indifferent, while some would not understand. Reference D’Addario, K. P. Do Those Little â€Å"Smiley-Faces† In Electronic Mail Have An Effect On The Reader? Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http://www. macobserver. com/kpd/emoticonpaper. html

Perfect Crime Essays

Perfect Crime Essays Perfect Crime Essay Perfect Crime Essay Genre:Crime thiller Story draft: Two cops were deliberately challenged by an unknown figure to solve few crimes committed by him. Each of this crime leads to the identity of the villain. He wants the cops to admit that hes the perfect crimester. 1st crime:Bank robbery Using sonar technology(dark knight),villain gets the 3d map of the bank. On the day of the execution,2 masked mens glides from one roof to the banks roof. 1 of them heads to the ventilation and the other heads to the telephone and security alarm system of the bank. nd robber dis-alarms the security system and the other adds chloroform to the air ventilation system. After 10 minutes,2 robbers enters the bank and they lock up the front door indicating its close. All four of them rushes to the vault and starts drilling. Click. Vaults open as the four robbers rushes and starts filling the cash in a garbage bag. They rush to the back emergency door and place the garbage bags filled with money in the trash bin and runs away i n taxi. Moments later,police comes to the crime scene and starts to rush into the building. A garbage truck comes by and collects all the trash and leaves. 2nd crime:Gold bar heist While closing hours,the owner of a big jewelery shop was waiting for the arrival of huge amounts of gold bars illegally brought in from africa. The owner had the company of four call girls who was flirting with him. The owner receives a text message saying that the golds have arrived. He heads down to assist them to unload. Soon as the unloading finishes,the owner heads up stairs where the call girls were waiting for him. 1 of them seduces him and lays him on the bed while another girl gave him a pill claiming that it was a erection enhancement pill. The owner takes the pill and sleeps off. The girls head down and doing all the neccesary stuffs like shutting of the cameras and security alarms,filling all the gold bars in a bag and leaving the place within 15 minutes Hero arrives at the first crime scene analyzing the details. Heroin analyzes the second crime scene.

Assessment and Management of Pain

Morphine is one of the prevalent analgesic opioid that is considered as potent and effective pain relievers and has been undertaken for past many years. This is used for undertaking both acute and chronic pain management. Morphine targets the pain due to myocardial infarction, surgery, injuries and others (Macintyre and Schug 2014). Morphine is an opiate drug that targets opioid receptors leading to the formation of the analgesia with the help of the mechanism of hyperpolarisation of interneuron and decrement in the release of the transmitters of pain. Human body consist of inbuilt analgesic and pain relieving system that regulates in the body by minimizing the sensations in the spinal cord that further transmits the sensations of the pain to different locations with the help of synapse within the neurons. Activation of the pain management in the spinal cord occurs by the supraspinal mechanism. This mechanism includes opioid system that is responsible for the release of endorphins, the adrenergic system that is responsible for the release of norepinephrine and serotogenic system that is responsible for the release of serotonin. Synergy and communication among all leads to the activation of analgesic activity. When the inbuilt analgesic system fails to control pain, additional analgesic drugs such as morphine is used to increase the working capacity of this inbuilt system. Besides this, morphine also regulates the generation of supraspinal structures leading to the activation of the whole system. Adrenergic drugs react with specific receptors for the production of the analgesia and morphine further reacts with these drugs for the regulation of the analgesia (Stang et al. 2014). Visceral pain targets the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic organs of the body and it is considered to be one of the most common types of the pain a doctor responds to. Visceral pain targets chest, prostate gland, pelvis, gastrointestinal tract, gall bladder, scrotum and vulva (Mayer et al. 2015). Surgical treatments available for the treatment of Angina pectoris and other chest pain is coronary artery bypass surgery or grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention that undertakes the change in the oxygen concentration in the body with the help of certain channel blockers such as nitrates and calcium. Alteration in the oxygen demand and supply leads to the reduction of the pain. Besides this, Cordotomy is another surgical procedure that is used for the treatment of visceral pain due to terminal maladies or illness such as cancer, AIDS, pulmonary fibrosis and many others. This surgery is undertaken percutaneously with the help of fluoroscopic or computerized tomography scan. The laminectomy surgery is undertaken in the spinothalamic tract under the presence of anaesthesia. Another technique that is appropriate as the surgical treatment for the visceral pain is myelotomy which are of two types Commissural and Punctuate or limited Midline. Commissural Myelotomy undertakes the m ultiscale laminectomy in the spinal cord. This targets the nerve fibre joining the brain with spinal cord and interrupts the pain there. While Punctuate or Limited Midline is a neuroablative surgery that undertakes the treatment of bladder, pancreas and colon by interrupting the center of dorsal column. This is one of the most effective methods as it can be used for the treatment of posterior columns of the organs (Lazzeri et al. 2015). Lazzeri, L., Vannuccini, S., Orlandini, C., Luisi, S., Zupi, E., Nappi, R.E. and Petraglia, F., 2015. Surgical treatment affects perceived stress differently in women with endometriosis: correlation with severity of pain.  Fertility and sterility,  103(2), pp.433-438. Macintyre, P.E. and Schug, S.A., 2014.  Acute pain management: a practical guide. CRC Press. Mayer, E.A., Gupta, A., Kilpatrick, L.A. and Hong, J.Y., 2015. Imaging brain mechanisms in chronic visceral pain.  Pain,  156(0 1), p.S50. Stang, A.S., Hartling, L., Fera, C., Johnson, D. and Ali, S., 2014. Quality indicators for the assessment and management of pain in the emergency department: a systematic review.  Pain Research and Management,  19(6), pp.e179-e190.

The Difference in CSR Agenda by Oil and Gas Companies Analyzing Essay

The Difference in CSR Agenda by Oil and Gas Companies Analyzing Projects in Developing Countries - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that CSR is the process by which a company integrates the economic, its environmental and social objectives at the same time, addressing the expectations of its stakeholder and enhancing as well as sustaining the shareholder value.   CSR is the overall association between a corporation and the stakeholders that include its customers, its employees, its communities, owners/investors, the government, its suppliers, and competitors. Elements of CSR will include investment in the community outreach, its employee relations, creation and the maintenance of employment, the environmental stewardship and its financial performance. A firm which is committed to the development of its employee and empowerment is, by default, already incorporating some components of activities related to CSR. A firm that freely shares information with its employees about any move toward downsizing, and then helping the displaced employees in finding new jobs, is said to actively practice CSR. Moreover, a firm which is actively committed towards the production of reliable, safe and many innovative products and services which is in line with the customer needs is said to be strategically involved in the CSR activities. There can be situations where employees can become cynical that while on one side the organization is fairly generous in its donations and charities, it does not adequately express sensitivity to the working conditions or to employees' safety. In such conditions, the public could become critical if it so turned out that an organization is not showing responsibility towards its environmental issues. CSR is, thus considered a management approach which takes into account several integrated procedures. The socio-economic and cultural background that is present in developing countries provides a context for CSR that is different in many ways from the developed countries.

Lack of parking in asu campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lack of parking in asu campus - Essay Example The university receives over 2000 visitors a day. The parking space cannot accommodate all vehicles hoping to park on the campus. Students park outside the university premises in order to reduce the problem of congestion and high parking fee. They park at a distance of 15 minutes to 1hour’s walk to campus. Some of the students are now forced not to come with their vehicles to school. I propose ASU to reduce the cost of campus parking and provide additional parking. Different plans have been laid down to solve fee payment of the vehicle. Generally, the students of ASU should not be involved in paying the parking fee. The university authority has also tried to solve the problem through instituting fines on those who fail to pay the parking fee, putting up more buildings and shades for parking. I think that there is no need for raising fee payment for parking to the students of the ASU since the university should cater for their issues. Parking the vehicles outside the campus compound is not safe for parking since it is risky (Todd Web). I therefore, wish that the institution should reduce payment fees to the students than to the visitors. However, there is no need for the campus students to pay for the parking fee since they are entitled to use the campus resources simply because they pay the fee. ASU entered in to a contract with a private developer to begin constructing a hotel and a conference centre on Mill Avenue and University Drive (Arizona State University Web). This was done in order to create more space for students’ recreation and parking. Parking and Transit Services was established to curb the complex parking situation at the campus. The regulations are published and made law in all the premises of ASU for easy utilisation of the parking spaces (Yara Web). The university authority assigned the duty of providing parking areas on the campus, imposing fines and collection of

Organizational Change Models Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Change Models - Research Paper Example In any of the cases, better management is the key to achieving the desired goal. Organization development aims at increasing the effectiveness and productivity of a business through the employment of different strategies (Nelson, 2011). This will include the different techniques that help workers and the organization as a whole to cope with the changing environment for a better performance of the institution. This will thus enable firms to achieve their goals and meet the laid objectives faster. The importance of transformation in the modern environment practically assures that organizations which do not transform will rapidly becomeâ€Å"corporate dinosaurs†, headed for destruction since they no longer fit the current environment (Kates & Galbraith, 2007). To manage the change, leadership, worker involvement and incentives that aid to overcome resistance to change are the key focus. The concept of organizational change is one of the key elements that determine whether businesses survive and strive well in the market. The world is increasingly changing and this calls for firms to employ measures to easily cope with the changing environment. There are those short term and long term measures that need to be employed for effective change to be witnessed by an organization. It is a three phase model that was invented by Kurt Lewin. The Lewin’s Three-step Change Model functions as a short term strategy to cope with the changing market. It focuses on three major steps: unfreezing- moving and refreezing as shown in the figure below. In this stage, the organization is prepared for change. It involves identifying any resisting forces for the change ready to be implemented. This will be helpful according to the Lewin’s model in identifying mechanisms for change which will strive even with the resistance (Miner, 2011). Unless there is motivation for change in an organization, development would not take its

Gender Issues in the Workplace

Gender Issues in the Workplace Introduction This paper seeks to define what is meant by gender issues in the workplace in relation to underlying tensions, indirect prejudice and unfair practices which often are perceived but continue without full recognition or sufficient direct management of the problem. It proposes to question pre conceived notions of success based on qualities such as ability and skill and rather seeks to uncover the more tacit business environment; known but never fully appreciated in relation to career advancement and company progression. A number of conflicting theories proposed by both feminist scholars and male business analysts exist on this subject which makes it both a complicated and contentious discussion. It is also one that can justify the way in which workplace failings and successes can be interpreted from a number of angles where gender bias is concerned; politically, psychologically, socially and academically. Typically gender inequality is a much deeper perception involving social hierarchys and preconceived notions of what men and women are capable of in terms of leadership and management. It is important to distinguish what is traditionally meant by advantage and disadvantage in an organizational setting and in the context of gender. Some examples might include; an employer may not hire, promote or wrongfully terminate an employee based on his or her gender, or that an employers pay is unequally based on gender, some employers show discrimination towards pregnant female workers, female employees are passed over for promotion in favour of more junior, less-qualified male co-workers. (Sahu, 2009) However looking at discrimination in its broader sense there is a widely held argument that as white and male it is easy to become invisible in society; to go unacknowledged and unrecognized, but once visible as a consequence of being labeled as say black, homosexual, a woman†¦individuals ca n adopt a greater empowerment just by being different (Robinson, 2000, Phelan, 2008, Haraway, 1999) In 1994 a popular American journal, Business Week published an article which stipulated; White, male and worried: White men still dominate corporate America. But in companies with aggressive diversity programs they are beginning to feel angry and resentful. What should companies do? (Burke and Black, 1997: 933-942) From such theorizing it is possible to engage with the notion that perhaps by being ‘invisible this can perpetuate both political and social exclusion. World Modern History since the 1960s has witnessed the rise of Civil Rights, womens liberation, gay liberation and a more growing acceptance of diversity has resulted in the decentralization of the white male (Robinson,2000 :2) and a culmination of all these things could be attributed to a crisis in masculinity of sorts. In contrast Virginia Schein et al propose that men and women do not lead or manage any differently in the work environment, but that they are perceived in different ways and that effectiveness as a male in a leadership role is something which is automatically attributed to them. Whereas women who exhibit the same behaviours as men are not judged as being as authoritative or having the same skills, because this is what we traditionally perceive inherently about men and women. (Sinclair, 2005:25) And just as peopl e can make themselves invisible in the work environment, so too can they make themselves visible. Being ‘visible represents a tangible ‘surface state, one in which someone can be seen to be visibly being excluded or different. At a deeper more conceptual level then there is a power to become ‘invisible, often as a consequence of trying to attain the male norm. (Simpson and Lewis, 2005:1253-1275) Caution however must be exacted when considering these theories which could also be used as a means to essentially make excuses for racist or prejudice practices in the workplace. (Pierce, 2003:53-70) Other theorists of invisibility consider this to be a covert way of preventing either women or black co-workers to progress. That the ‘backlash felt by white male men is actually a means to subjugate ‘minorities in the work place even further. Scholars such as Nicholson conform to theories such as the Patriarchal culture which is instilled in men and women through a process of socialization from a very early age. For example that men are better than women in sport, or that men make better surgeons etc. (Nicolson, 1996:108) There is a definite counter-argument where some previous traditional theories of invisibility have evolved. For example some research determines that men have become to think of themselves as being without gender, largely because they are oblivious to, or choose to ignore that invisibility generates inequality. Thus the invisibility of gender experienced by men generates the inequalities that are constrained by gender. That essentially many men are in possession; for whatever reason, of a number of structural privileges and power within the organizations that they work in and that by confronting their participation in maintaining inequality between themselves and women, that they should take responsibility for liberating themselves rather than blaming their problems on women. (McKay, 1997:11) Many men continue to disregard the notion of male privilege creating an invisibility of the problem itself. The more this invisibility is encouraged the more gender problems will continue to esc alate. (Johnson, 2005:157) Basically there is a strong argument to suggest the very fact that men in the workplace are perpetuating patriarchy and gender inequality, is because they are in denial of it and therefore the problem itself becomes invisible. Issues remain across all ‘minority workplace discriminations. Barriers continue to exist despite western laws on equal opportunities and fair working practices. Essentially there should be no barriers to succeeding. And yet for black, disabled, gay, women or other traditionally marginalized workers there continues to be a significant problem where acquiring progressive job positions exists, indicating that there are a number of unseen issues and opinions being made below the surface and continue to remain invisible. (Hesse-Biber and Carter, 2005:75-78) A recent research study of female engineers in the work environment was conducted in an attempt to illuminate this complex ‘in/visibility paradox. The women engineers could be seen to be at once both ‘visible as women but ‘invisible as engineers. This contradiction then adds yet another element to the discussion, but also helps to explain why it is difficult to retain women in engineering roles. Their ‘invisibility as engineers can be attributed to the fact that they require considerable effort to be taken seriously in this particular job, thus undermining their overall confidence. As ‘visible women they face enormous contradictory pressures to ‘become one of the lads, whilst maintaining their femininity and these in/visibility dynamics get taken for granted at the same time as building a cumulative and problematic outcome, not least because they are subtle and taken for granted. (Faulkner, 2009:169-189) Similarly another recent relevant journal article relays the findings of a small-scale project which involved a study of men who moved over into what has traditionally been considered ‘womens work. One immediate outcome apparent in all ten men was experiencing the challenges of feeling emasculated and having their masculinity queried in a number of ways and in a variety of situations. The way in which the men managed these challenges is particularly interesting as they all attempted to maintain their masculinity and their traditional persona associated with masculinity by distancing themselves from their female co-workers. (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002:204-226) Thus potentially making themselves ‘invisible to the situation. This provides some further interesting light on the notion of visibility and invisibility in organizational structures. That men resolutely continue to re-enforce their gender and identity regardless of whether it is challenged or not, but in such a way that they make themselves invisible in the process. Might this then suggest that men will go to any lengths to maintain their dominant gender, even when they are performing those roles traditionally considered ‘womens work? Whilst it may also represent juxtaposition for the behaviour of women, often criticized in the work place for their defensiveness or ruthless behaviour. Perhaps women in turn are masking their femininity in a bid to be taken seriously or remain ‘invisible as they feel threatened by the challenges men pose. Conclusion What can be concluded from this complicated analysis is that it still remains difficult to determine whether invisibility exists, or whether it is a means of simply not seeing or acknowledging gender differentiation. Are male workers unaware of the fact that they are inherently patriarchal, or is it women who continue to see them in this way as they traditionally remain challenged and psychologically subjugated by their male co-workers? This might then suggest that there is no real suppression of gender taking place in organizations, but rather most women and men are defensive about their jobs and careers. This is a highly problematic area that continues to demand further research and a ‘rethinking of gender stereotypes for both management and workers generally. (Mavin et al, 2004:293-303) What is apparent from this study is the degree with which both men and women ‘play out their insecurities whilst both hiding and exposing elements of visibility and invisibility depending on the circumstances. Invisibility, as has also been outlined in this document poses a much wider conceptual problem. The problem of barriers that exist not just with individuals but with whole organizations, those that choose to promote the types of people they consider suitable to the organization itself and therefore creating their own invisible discriminatory practices. A complex system of psychological interactions can impact on the way in which people generally make themselves visible or invisible within an organization. There are many contributing factors, some of which have been explored throughout this document and many of which require considerable future research. It is clear that gender based priviledge exists. This is a reality in terms of the statistics which reflect the number of men in positions of power in contrast with the often lower salaried lesser roles adopted by women. But as to whether who is putting who at a disadvantage may be dependent on a whole series of contributory factors such as the culture and size of the organization itself, the way in which the individuals working in that organisation have been socialized and what values and expectations they have been encouraged to appreciate from birth. Bibliography Burke, R, J, Black, S (1997) Save the Males: Backlash in Organisations, Journal of Business Ethics, Volume 16 Cross, S. and Bagilhole, B. (2002) Girls Jobs for the Boys? Men, Masculinity and Non-Traditional Occupations, Gender Work and Organization, Volume 9, Issue 2 Faulkner (2009) Doing gender in engineering workplace cultures. II. Gender in/authority and the in/visibility paradox, Engineering Studies, Volume 1, Issue 3 Haraway, D (1999) Gender, Race and nature in the World of Modern science: Routledge and Kegan Paul Hesse-Biber, S, N, Carter, G, L (2005) Working Women in America: Oxford University Press. Johnson, A, G (2005) The Gender Knot: unraveling our patriarchal legacy: Temple University Press Lewis and Simpson, (2010) Revealing and Concealing Gender: Visibility in Gender and Organization Research: Palgrave Macmillan Mavin, S, Bryans, P, Waring, T (2004) Gender on the agenda 2: unlearning gender blindness in management education, Women in management Review, Volume 19, Issue 6 McKay (1997) Managing gender: affirmative action and organizational power in Australian, Canadian and New Zealand Sport: SUNY Press Nicolson, (1996) Gender, power and organization: a psychological perspective: Routledge Phelan, P (1993) Unmarked: The Politics of Performance: Routledge Pierce, J.L. (2003) Racing for Innocence: Whiteness, Corporate Culture and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action, Qualitative Sociology, Volume 26, Issue 1 Robinson, S. (2000) Introduction: Visibility, Crisis and the Wounded White Male Body in Marked Men: White Masculinity in Crisis: Columbia University Press Sahu, R, K (2009) Gender Discrimination in the Work Place, Internet article available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/22571816/Gender-Discrimination-in-Work-Place, date accessed, 13/01/10 Simpson, R. and Lewis, P. (2005) An investigation of silence and a scrutiny of transparency: Re-examining gender in organization literature through the Concepts of Voice and Visibility, Human Relations, Volume 58, Issue 10 Sinclair, A (2005) Doing leadership differently; gender, power and sexuality in a changing business culture: Melbourne University Press

Essay --

Project management techniques and project planning tools play an important role in any tasks where different possible outcomes are possible; where risk of failure exists. To avoid this failure we need planning options, organizing resources and events to deliver a successful event. Tasks of a Project Manager: †¢ Feasibility Analysis (4 days): It provides the basis for developing a concept in to business plan and subsequent business start-up. It has three part †¢ Technical Feasibility (2 days): The purpose of the technical feasibility step is to verify that the product will achieve its end status and to confirm that there are no production obstructions. †¢ Financial Feasibility (1 days): It shows that proposed plan has a cash flow quantity and quality to allow the project sponsor recover the amount invested in the project. †¢ Organizational Feasibility (1 days): It checks how well the proposed plan supports the objective of an organization’s strategic plan for information systems. †¢ Project Modelling (1 week): This is the designing phase where the manager need to decide how the en...

Positive Child Guidance (Managing Challenging Behaviour – Tantrums and Biting)

Focus It is important to remember that almost all young children display stages of â€Å"inappropriate† or challenging behaviours such as biting, tantrums, clinging or hitting at various times in their development. These behaviours are usually short-lived and typically improve with guidance and age. There are some children, however, whose challenging behaviours may increase and result in injury to self or others, cause damage to property, interfere with acquiring new skills and/or social isolation.This report investigates the possible causes for challenging behaviors (focusing primarily on tantrums and biting) in infants, toddlers and young children and positive child guidance strategies that are important as the basis for intervention and prevention. It is important to intervene in such a way that appropriate, pro-social behaviors are taught, modeled, and reinforced to ensure lifelong success. 18 June 2011 J M Badenhorst-Awasthi ID: 20090950 Introduction On average about 10 % of children younger than five display challenging behaviours (Tremblay, 2000).There has been an increase of children exhibiting challenging behaviours serious enough for parents and teachers to get concerned about disrupting family functioning and classroom routines (Powell, Dunlap and Fox, 2006). It is necessary for parents and teachers (adults) to work collaboratively in identifying causes of challenging behaviour and implementing relevant positive child guidance strategies that will promote pro-social and acceptable behaviour (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Pro-social / Acceptable BehaviourConroy and Brown (2004) highlight the following skills or pro-social behaviours that children should acquire before the age of five (on average): Getting along with others Following directions Regulating and identifying emotions Conflict resolutions / solutions Persisting on a task Engaging in social conversations Cooperative play Positive Child Guidance [PCG] An increasingly familiar term in th e field of Early Childhood Education is â€Å"Positive Child Guidance†. PCG techniques, instead of Punitive Discipline Techniques are endorsed by experts as the best way to respond to challenging behaviour (Flicker and Hoffman, 2002; Miller, 2007).PCG is a process wherein adults use certain strategies, e. g. reasoning, giving choices, problem-solving, negotiation and redirection, when dealing with challenging behaviour (Miller, 2007; Porter, 2003). Challenging behaviours (e. g. tantrums and biting) are seen as an opportunity for negotiation, learning and resolution, instead of something that requires children to be disciplined or punished for (Berk, 2006; Miller, 2007). Factors that influence challenging behaviour According to Flicker and Hoffman (2004) there are various factors that influence challenging behaviour: ? ? ? ? ? Emotional: boredom, anxiety, low self-esteem, fear, overstimulation Family: sibling rivalry, divorce, domestic violence, abuse Classroom: overcrowding, too much clutter, excessive noise Physical: hunger, fatigue, illness, soiled nappy Learning difficulties: speech and language, ADD/ADHD Environmental: poor housing, poverty, community violence Before deciding on the most effective guidance strategy it is very important for adults to consider the (potential) contributing factors. PCG is not a â€Å"one-size-fits-all† approach.It involves developing a close, trusting relationship with the children and parents and â€Å"individualizing† approaches (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). TANTRUMS Definition A tantrum / temper tantrum is an emotional outburst, usually associated with children that are in emotional distress. Typical characteristics are crying, screaming, defiance, anger, stubbornness, ranting, resisting attempts to be pacified and sometimes hitting or kicking (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Tantrums most commonly happen when children believe (wrongly or rightly) that their wants (not necessarily their needs) are not bei ng met (Ministry of Education [MoE], 1996).Typically tantrums will occur in children aged between 16 months and three / four years (Berk, 2006). Influencing Factors The physical environment may affect young children’s behaviour, e. g. inadequate space, noise levels and traffic patterns in the classroom (Miller, 2007; Strain and Hemmeter, 1999). Classroom schedules and routines may be a factor. Children need routines but with some flexibility. It is often the transition times that prove most problematic (Miller, 2007).Children might learn (after the first tantrum) that it is an effective way to get what they want and therefore keep repeating this behaviour (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Tantrums might occur when a child wants a toy that is being used by another child (jealousy) (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Often tantrums will happen when an adult says â€Å"no† to a child e. g. when changing or leaving an activity or fun place (e. g. when it’s time for tea / lunch) o r when asked to do something they don’t want to do (e. g. cleaning up) (Tremblay, 2002). A CNN Health Report concluded that there are neurological influences for tantrums.The prefrontal cortex, (part of the brain), which is responsible for emotional and social regulation is not yet developed in children and they are therefore less likely to have the required skills to negotiate a more controlled behaviour (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003). Positive Child Guidance Strategies Teachers should make use of observations to establish which factor(s) is/are influencing tantrums. Only by understanding the factor can appropriate strategies be applied (Miller, 2007). There should be minimal disruptive transitions and fair warning before it occurs.Ensure children know the routine. Teachers should model and praise appropriate behaviour (Miller, 2007). Adults should not give up / give in when a child has a tantrum. Children might learn that a tantrum is an effective and immed iate means of getting what they want. Other children might learn and copy this behaviour (Alter and Conroy, 2006). Careful planning is very important. Teachers should identify potential triggers and formulate solutions in advance (MoE, 1996). Children with a tendency for tantrums should be encouraged to do relaxing activities such as water play, play dough or the sandpit.It is inappropriate to expect toddlers to sit for long periods of time or to engage in large group activities. It is better to arrange short, engaging mat times and small group activities (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). It is important to have enough toys so that all children have an opportunity to play at the same time. Some centres will deliberately have less toys to encourage problem-solving and negotiation skills. Through observations teachers should identify high interest toys and possible tantrums (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). BITING DefinitionBiting is a distressing and common behaviour for children aged between f ourteen months and two years (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Influencing Factors Probably the most common factor for biting is that children of this age are frustrated when they are unable to use words to communicate their needs or wants. Toddlerhood is a time of strong emotions and few words. It is a time of many changes and the feelings (coupling these changes) can sometimes lead to biting (Berk, 2006). Changes that bring about strong emotions and stress can makes children more prone to biting, e. g. otty training, transitioning to a different room (age group in the centre) or a new sibling (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Sometimes infants and young toddlers might bite when they are teething. Biting eases the irritation and pain of teething (Berk, 2006; Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Hunger and thirst could also be an influencing factor (Berk, 2006). Infants use biting and sucking as a means of exploring and making sense of the physical world. Most objects (that is big enough) will go into an infant/ toddler’s mouth (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Sometimes children bite when they actually want to kiss someone (Conroy and Brown, 2004).Biting may occur when children are seeking attention. This behaviour mostly causes disturbance and focuses the adult’s attention on the child who bites. Children could also investigate / experiment the cause and effect of biting – seeing / testing what will happen when biting (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Positive Child Guidance Strategies It is important for adults to talk to the child and acknowledge that these changes can be difficult and give the child the opportunity to express their feelings appropriately (Berk, 2006; Alter and Conroy, 2006). Teachers can ask the parents if the child has a favourite â€Å"teething toy†.For toddlers a teething ring / toy can be pinned to their clothes (attached to a short string) and older children can carry a toy in their pockets. Adults should encourage children to use it when t hey feel like biting. Some children are comforted by a frozen teething toy as this numbs the area and eases discomfort more. For infants and toddlers the adult can wet a cloth and put it in the freezer. The child can easily suck and chew on this (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Toddlers and young children should not go for more than two hours without food.It is also important that adults regularly offer children liquids as well. To ease late morning tendency of biting adults can offer a mid-morning snack that is crunchy and chewy such as pretzels, rice crackers or biscuits (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Adults should ensure that the objects that infants play with are not small enough to swallow. To measure the size of objects try fitting it inside a toilet paper roll. If it fits then it is too small. Adults should ensure that appropriate teething toys are available (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Teach children the appropriate way of showing affection.How to kiss or hug can be taught. Children should first be taught to consider whether children want a hug or kiss. Adults should teach children to listen to the words that people use when they don’t want to be kissed (Conroy and Brown, 2004). To teach the child who has bitten empathy get him/her involved in calming and caring for the person who was bitten (e. g. getting an ice pack). If they see the obvious pain and discomfort and adults asking prompting questions it might discourage a child from biting again (Porter, 2003). Factors and Strategies for both Tantrums and BitingThere are some factors that may lead to both tantrums and biting which include boredom or frustration when children are not adequately engaged with peers, teachers or materials and activities in the centre or at home. Adults should ensure that the materials and activities are engaging, challenging and entertaining for all ages and stages of development. Children should be given a choice of activities which may minimize boredom or frustration (Port er, 2003). Feelings of jealousy or the need for love / attention could also cause tantrums and biting. It is important that adults treat each child equally and fairly.Adults should be consistent in PCG strategy so children can know the boundaries, expectations and acceptable behaviour (Flicker and Hoffman, 2002). . There is a relationship between language inefficiency and challenging behaviours. Children with a language inability will often use tantrums or biting (although inappropriate) to communicate their needs (Hemmeter and Ostrosky, 2006). Hyter (2003) suggest that adults should help develop language skills through songs, repetitions and reading books (See Appendix C) so that children can express themselves verbally instead of resorting to tantrums or biting (Porter, 2003).Conclusion This report highlighted various factors that influence challenging behaviour (tantrums and biting). For this reason adults (teachers and parents) should work collaboratively in identifying the infl uencing factor(s) and applying the most effective and appropriate prevention and intervention strategies to increase compliance and the child’s development of self regulation and appropriate pro-social behaviours (Berk, 2006; Fox, Dunlap and Cushing, 2002; Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003; Miller, 2007 ).